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THE ROYAL SOCIETY. OF ‘ TASMANIA
PAPERS & PROCEEDINGS
THE ROYAL SOCIETY
OF TASMANIA
FOR THE YEAR
1925
(With 24 Plates and 36 Text Figures) ISSUED 5th MARCH, 1926
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
The Tasmanian Museum, Argyle Street, Hobart 1926
Price: Ten Shillings
The responsibility of the statements and opinions in the following papers and discussions rests with the individual authors and speakers ; the Society merely
places them on record,
NATH CTA; MUSE UN MELROLR
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA
The Royal Society of Tasmania was founded on the 14th October, 1843, by His Excellency Sir John Eardley Eardley Wilmot, Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen’s Land, as “The Botanical and Horticultural Society of Van Diemen’s Land.” The Botanical Gardens in the Queen’s Domain, near Hobart, were shortly afterwards placed under its management, and a grant of £400 a year towards their maintenance was made by the Government. In 1844, His Excellency announced to the Society that Her Majesty the Queen had signified ner consent to become its patron; and that its designation should thenceforward be “The Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land for Horticulture, Botany, and the Advancement of Science.”
In 1848 the Society established the Tasmanian Museum; and in 2849 it commenced the publication of its “Papers and Pro- ceedings.”
In 1854 the Legislative Council of Tasmania by “The Royal Society Act” made provision for vesting the property of the Society in trustees, and for other matters connected with the management of its affairs.
In 1855 the name of the Colony was changed to Tasmania, and the Society then became “The Royal Society of Tasmania for Horticulture, Botany, and the Advancement of Science.”
In 1860 a piece of ground at the corner of Argyle and Mac- quarie streets, Hobart, was given by the ‘Crown to the Society as a site for a Museum, and a grant of £3,000 was made for the erection of a ‘building. The Society contributed £1,800 towards the cost, and the new Museum was finished in 1862.
In 1885 the Society gave back to the Crown the Botanical Gardens and the Museum, which, with the collections of the Museum, were vested in a body of trustees, of whom six are chosen from the Society. In consideration of the services it had rendered in the promotion of science, and in the formation and management of the Museum and Gardens, the right was reserved to the Society to have exclusive possession of sufficient and convenient rooms in the Museum, for the safe custody of its EADTary) and for its meetings, and for all other purposes connected with it.
In 1911 the Parliament of Tasmania, by “The Royal Society Act, 1911372 created the Society a ‘body corporate by the name of The Royal Society of Tasmania,” with perpetual succession.
«a, The object of the Society is declared by its Rules ta be the advancement of knowledge.”
His Majesty the King is Patron of the Society; and His Excellency the Governor of Tasmania is President.
CONTENTS Page
Tasmanian Giant HE EMS: coed H. H. Scott and SNe wath Some Notes upon a Tasmanian Aboriginal Skull. ath H. i. Seott
and R. McClinton, D.D.S. .. Shel She come 5 On the Occurrence of etait arrhisa, Wimm: fey ab Tasmania. By L.
Rodway, C-M.G cot nen: ee sere sl fot lee as The R. M. Fone tsa Mente peat, 1925. The egies Toilet
and Some Considerations anh from it. By Professor F.
Wood-Jones, D.Se., F.RS. . aera ene Stas ey ob aah ae ee Notes on Some Tasmanian Mesozoic Sane “part Lis By A. B.
WEA St MS Se ia ci, HQ ts os : A Ae) WE eae Ree 2 OS, Studies in Tasmanian Macnee: Living aor Extinct. No. XI.
The see gras eH Tasmania. By H. H Scott and Clive Lord, - Ona Suan Phyllocarid from the Older Palaeozoic of ‘Tasmania.
BYLES-Chapmanpcarls Sate ene ani eee nt rien Met Gb smn LO. New and Little-known Tasmanian ee ce A. ea
CDiityiexgevi aU iy Fo kaes cree eine ees ye ci EE? | A Revision of use Lepidoptera ca Tasmania, By A. Jefferis pn ee re Notes on the ater of cdtnie Charles O’Hara Booth, Sometime
Mn EH of Port Arthur. By R.- W. Giblin, F.R.G.S., Notes on Some Rive and Interesting Cryptogams. Bi L. e SEALS
CMG Geriiecr be ciha ee eaaes op ein rumtmmaie ia tye bil 3), Y eee be Sa on Tasmanian Aranecidae setae a Sale of a new y species).
By V. V. Hickman, B. Se. .. cai ene wot eryy mahi pty SMa Studies in Tasmanian Mammals, Living and Extinct. No, XIV.
The Eared Seals of Tasmania ea 2). By H. H. Scott and
Clive Lord, F.L.S. .. . rR Rife Goon ie oe fey EY, Tasman’s Landing Fy! By G. H. Halligan, West, MMOS 195 Australian Fauna and Medical Science. By Professor Wm, Colin
MacKenzie, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. BADE) ce dees aia fe 203 Notes on the Currency of Early Beles faites By ohh
Rey TOI AS ate eet am ieee teenies AS Y DIPeE ne tae OMA oh a he ak 200. Abstract of Proceedings .. .. Seite Pes 2p iN pane ty tele bo ees chan mPy ts Annual Report—
Officers .. .. TEM a Uey tice fier tae hd alte tte. koe des ite ea
List of Members ead covalent Adare oes etn tedt: eats
RED OLE RING Tate oleh els tw ane ee bret ence | Mets) a ce OA)
Obituary aieen etn i ened stn ir ater wean EB
Branch Reports .. .. .. rs dae tet ore gery ee ak ten PER)
SechlionsReportsm tats): ene, cv iTan i mew eee Pree eee, . 244
ACCOUNT LST Neate cme er Er cSee er Tua, chaecen cans SNTILN T) wart Ete aT TS 247 | Index Sines mene beeen ya, teat fae deo Yo atte am Heoou ad! | Appendices—
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS, 1925
I. ‘Franklin Papers.—I. Excursion to Port Davey .. .. .. ++ iexiv
Il. Researches in Relativity—II. The Basis of the Physical World as indicated by carrying as far as possible the Tenets
of Relativity. By Piofessor Alex. McAulay, M.A, .. .. .. 21
-36
nay, MASE UY ME: RGOURNE
= 1
NAN S
PAPERS
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TASMANIA 1925
TASMANIAN GIANT MARSUPIALS
By H. H. Scorr, Curator of Launceston Museum, and CLivE E. Lorp, F.L.S., Director of the Tasmanian Museum, Hobart.
(Read 9th March, 1925.)
In the years 1870 to 1884 Professor O. C. Marsh created a new Order for the reception of certain fossil mammalian remains, which he designated (Marsh, 1884) Dinocerata. This Order included the extinct creatures now called Titanotherium robustum and Tinoceras ingens, as well as others that need not here detain us. The sifting processes of modern taxonomy have necessitated the removal of the two creatures named, and their separation into distinct Sub-orders (of the Order Ungulata) namely :—
Sub-order Titanothertidx, of which Titanotherium robus- tum is typical, and Sub-srder Amblypoda, which not only contains Tinoceras ingens, but also the European extinct ungulates known as Coryphodon and their American allies. Tentatively, Arsinoitherium, which is now removed to another Sub-order (Embrithopoda), also found a resting place here. Leaving out the last-named animal, it will be obvious that Marsh’s Order of Dinocerata covered a wide area, and in- cluded within its circumference animals more or less Rhincceros-like, and some, that while armed with fighting bosses, upon their skulls, did not closely simulate the make-up of a modern Rhinoceros. Strictly speaking, neither Titano- theriwm, which is the most Rhinoceros-like of the group, nor
B
ay TASMANIAN GIANT MARSUPIALS
Tinoceras ingens, which is nose armed with bony bosses, was a Rhinoceros in the modern sense of the term. Indeed, as far back as 1876 Professor R. Owen expressed (Owen, 1876)
his doubts as to the nature of the nasal weapons with which-
the Dinocerata were armed, and suggested that the absence of vascular grooves from the bony bosses indicated that they did not simulate the horns of the Ruminants. Professor Marsh, in his Monograph upon the Dinocerata (Marsh, 1884, pp. 167-168), refers to this question, and suggests that hard pads of skin may have covered the bosses, or that even horns similar to those of the American Antelope may have been ‘present, since in that animal (Antilocapra) the horn cores were smoother than those of the Dinocerata.. This lengthy introduction is essential to a clear understanding of what we have said of the parallel evolution in Australia of Marsupials that were nasally armed. Such paralleled items chiefly relating to the modifications of the anterior part of the skeleton, as the Giant Marsupials evolved their fighting weapons. As these weapons, we think, were more like those of the modern perissodactylan Rhinoceroses than those of Titanotherium or Tinoceras, we used, as a vernacular name, for the nasally armed marsupials that of “Marsupial Rhino- cceroses,” a term that has apparently called out so much protest that it is worth while to review the actual evidence.
The first point to stress is that vascular grooves exist in the areas of the skulls of the giant marsupials, which are without any great elevations, such as obtain in either Titano- therium or Tinoceras.
Secondly, the areas covered by these fighting weapons in the Nototheria were of considerable size, suggesting some such weapon as that of a modern Rhinoceros, and one that was nourished from various parts of that basal area, and evolved out of the hairy dermal covering. That its hbase may have been transitional between true skin and agegluti- nated hair, and its upward extension directly derived from the hair, as in a modern Rhinoceros, seemed to us as likely as not; accordingly, we wrote in terms of that assumption. Upon the broad points of anatomy, a Nototheriwm was much nearer to Tinoceras than to Titanotherium, but all attempts at comparison between a giant marsupial and any of the Dinocerata, as Marsh called them, must end when we come to the feet, since the marsupial manus and pes stand unique.
- Our publications on this subject have all been intended to show that any race of animals that begins to acquire
BY H. H. SCOTT AND CLIVE E. LORD, F.1.S. 3
nasal armament will, more or less, follow the main lines set by the Dinocerata and the Rhinoceroses, since these prac- tically cover the whole field of possibilities, and we have cited the several approaches and departures to and from the animals named as we noted them, regardless of man-made taxonomy. Further, the place which the Nototheria occupied in the faunal list of Australia was similar to that which the Dinocerata (to again use the widely covering term of Marsh) held in the American faunal list, and in habits they had as much in common ag the Dasyures of Australia have with the Martens and Genets of other lands.
In the American Eocene Animals cited the acquisition of fighting weapons was gradual, as it was with the Australian Marsupial Nototheres, and we are busy trying to piece to- eether the several sequences. As we stated (Scott and Lord,
1920, p. 76) in August, 1920, “A wonderful and most inter- “esting group of marsupial animals has died out in our “immediate zoological province, and as the remains available ~ “to us are superior in point of preservation to anything “obtained in other parts of Australia, we are tempted to pay “more attention to phyletic than to taxonomic data.”
Recognising the need for considerable research with regard to this interesting group before many matters can be treated in detail, we have preferred to treat the subject in a general manner rather than to enter into details of classi- fication, etc. To such criticism as the above course has brought forth we offer the following remarks :—
1. The Nototheria were arising out of a Teleocerine into a more perfectly armed state, and that arming was apparently being derived from skin and hair, rather than from true horn—itself an epidermal derivative.
2. The anterior parts of their skeletons were being changed to meet these progressive alterations, and we are at work upon all such data as the fossil remains come to us from our ancient lake beds.
°
3. We assumed that a nasally armed marsupial was better understood by the public generally in terms of the Greck designation Rhino-keras—or its accepted rendition, Rhinoceros—than it would have been had we turned it into Latin and named a Nototherium—A Nasocornuted Marsupial. _
Museum Curators who have to meet inquiry from the leisurely dilettante, the specialist, and the man of the street, are apt to use terms that are self-descriptive. In our
4 TASMANIAN GIANT MARSUPIALS
case we were brought face to face with a new setting of an old problem in regard to Australian Marsupials, which in essence was as follows:—The teaching had been strongly instilled into the public mind that our Marsupials were a race of non-combative creatures, and that even the extinct giants were perfectly harmless animals. The voice of the one old Prophet who had chanted to the opposite tune had been drowned by the opposition’s clamour. When we found that the titanic marsupials that came our way were (to use our much abused term) starting a “fighting trend,” and even manifesting stages of advancement thereon, we said so— and used such terms as we considered best illustrated the facts. The average man when told, as our Museum cards do tell, that these marsupials were more or less Rhinoceroses in the making—and when he sees for himself that the heavier the nasal weapon the more tae skeleton is altered to meet the new conditions—is able to get some sort of a mental picture to work upon, and he is not likely to bether if the selected name be a marsupial-like Rhinoceros, or a nose-horned marsupial.
- We would remind the critics of our vernacular desig-..
nations that they have overlooked one salient fact, namely, that the pacific or aggressive nature of the larger mar- supials was the item awaiting solution at the time we started, and not any one—or all—minor details of classification. The latter can be settled once and for all, when we know the animals by complete skeletons, and not by deductions made from skeletons slowly and painfully put together from scattered and quite unserial bones and teeth.
The small amount that we have been able to do has been enough to show us how great is the unknown, and so we assume that the sun has not yet risen upon the day of taxonomic minutiw, and we are acting accordingly.
LITERATURE CITED.
1884 Marsh, O. C. Dinocerata. A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals. USS. Geological Survey, 1884.
1876 Owen, R. On the existence or not of horns in the Dinocerata. Amr. Jour. Science & Act., Vol. XI., pp. 401-408, 1876.
1920 Scott and Lord. Studies in Tasmanian Mammals, living and extinct. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., August, 1920, page 76.
——
SOME NOTES UPON A TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SKULL. By H. H. Scort, Curator of the Launceston Museum, and R. McCurnton, D.D.S. (Cal.).
Plates I.-VIII. (Read 9th March, 1925.)
The Skull, which has recently come to light, was dis- covered upon the North-East Coast, and apparently repre-
sents the total “find,” since extended search failed 9 add other remains.
It is devoid of a mandible, but otherwise is extremely perfect, even the turbinoid bones being in situ—it is that of a young female.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SKULL.
All the characteristics of the Tasmanian skull are in evidence, the age being certified to by the non-erupted ‘wisdom teeth, and the following items of osteology:—
1. There is a trace of the frontal suture at the nason, and some evidence of it higher up as the frontal recedes to the bregma.
2. The pre-maxillo-maxillary suture is not ankylosed.
3. The occipito-sphenoidal suture is still spongy, com- plete ankylosis not having taken place.
In this latter connection it may be said that of three - other female skulls of the same race, available to us for study, two show the suture open, with non-erupted wisdom teeth, and one shows the suture ankylosed to extinction with the wisdom teeth still in their follicles. A male skull, in which the left wisdom tooth had alone been erupted, mani- fested a completely ankylosed occipito-sphenoidal suture. The female skull cited, with the closed suture and non-erupted teeth, is a larger and heavier cranium than the one that
6 SOME NOTES UPON A TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SKULI,
forms the subject of our paper, but is beyond all doubt that of a female, being in point of fact No, 26 of Prof. R. J. A. Berry’s Atlas.
In our skull under review we find the inion slightly developed, but rather less so than obtains in the other female skulls used for comparison. It seems reasonable to suppose that the protrusion of the skull in this region was both an age and a sex character. Upon the right side there is a parieto-squamosal ossicle 25 mm. long; it is quite loose. No epipteric appears upon this side, although one is present upon the left. :
The most striking instance of wormian ossicles found in this skull is that of a divided “Inca bone,” the two moieties of which are similar in outline, their shape being © cordate. There is an ossicle upon the right side of the ~ skull, situated in the Lambdoidal, slightly below the last parietal contribution to that suture. This is not exactly | duplicated upon the left side, but rather higher up, the parietal thrusts a bony dart into the occipital. Again, upon — the right side an ossicle occupies the squamosal notch. Upon ~ this side, therefore, there are three ossicles directly relating — to the squamosal (“temporal”) element. The most inter- — esting of the eight old ossific centres, active in this skull, has — yet to be called attention to, namely, one found in the — right orbit. This is a minute island of bone in the osplanum, ~ slightly anterior to its junction with the sphenoid, in short, the so-called “orbital process of the sphenoidal turbinate — _ “bone,” known at times to appear in the skulls of lowly —
races. Osteologically, we are here dealing with a last relic of the external plate of the old pre-frontal. The styloid processes were not ankylosed to their respective bases (the — tympano-hyals), and may not have even been ossified, but | in any case they are missing, and the squamosal piers mani- — fest the condition of articulation by syndesmosis with the stylo-hyals. Such conditions point to immaturity.
THE TEETH.
The palate of this truly primitive human being is a perfect horse-shoe shaped cavity, and the lingual aspect of the tooth line slightly widens as it goes backward, and is thus in marked contrast to that which obtains in the higher | ape—Troglodytes gorilla—in which the tooth line is absolutely — straight in antero-posterior extension. This. posterior ex-— tension of the palate is in direct relation to the added width |
BY H. HW. SCOTT AND R, McCLINTON, D.D.S. (CAL.). ? <¢
of the face, and, all things being even, should not strongly alter the points of contact of the’ several teeth as the evolution of the human race proceeded. The Dentist of to- day, however, finds that the blending of races by inter- marriage and the inherited effects of disuse, have both changed the character of the palate and altered the dental points of contact—essentially for the worse! In these cir- cumstances a primitive skull, such as that before us, is of great value as an indication of the racial base line upon which modern complex conditions have been reared. In the gorilla the points of contact of the five cheek teeth are practically central and even, but in the primitive human the widening out of the palate rolled these points slightly to the labial aspect, the pivot point being the posterior surface of the last pre-molar. It seems reasonable to suppose that degeneration of the human palatal conditions would tend — to reverse this outward thrust, and that, as a natural result, the present-day contracted and distorted palate would follow. In a word, the complex man of to-day—the sum total of all antecedent individuals—reverts to a period of racial history in which he first began to make human history, as such, and departed from the anthropoid apes in his long upward climb. An examination of the second molars of this: skull shows that the lingual cusps are higher and more worn than the labial ones, which is exactly what might be expected if the outward thrust of the tooth line was more strongly marked at the alveolar line than it was at the floor of the palate. Put in another way, the maxillary walls of the palate bent outwards at a more rapid rate than the maxil- lary moieties, that constituted the floor of the palate, increased in width. The reversion of one, or both, of these osteological changes, together with characters later acquired through alterations of diet, are the potent factors in abnormal human dentition to-day. In conclusion, it may be said that “Cobia,” the lowest and most debased of Tasmanian Natives, has a palate that makes a nearer approach to that of the gorilla than any other Native’s skull available to us for study. THE ORAL CAVITY.
The oral cavity is large, with a well-formed round arch; the vault is ample, but nearly flat. All the bony elements. that enter into the formation of the cavity are regular in outline and well defined. The articular sutures are clearly marked. In the median suture, distad of the interproximal Space of the central incisor, lies the anterior palatine for-
8 SOME NOTES UPON A TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SKULL,
amen, a single, large aperture, and, therefore, in contra- distinction to the conditions that obtain in skulls of the higher races, where it usually appears as a group of four foramina. Immediately behind this foramen is the suture of the incisive bone—which pre-maxillary suture extends across the junction of the maxo-maxillary for about 5 mm. upon either side. The maxillo-palatine suture is to be noted in the item of its left branch leaving the central line 4 mm. earlier than the right moiety. The posterior palatine canals are large, and occupy a position approximately centrad of the last-named suture. Several accessory palatine foramina exist behind them. The general surface of the maxillary is rough, and penetrated by a number of minor foramina; also, here and there, the outer table of the bone is raised into projecting points and ridges. The most marked instances of the latter are to be found near the maxillo-palatine suture, just in’ line with the posterior palatine canals. Externally, the maxillary bone conforms to the outline of the arch, its surface being alternately grooved and ridged in a vertical direction, thus indicating the rooting of the six anterior teeth
and the two pre-molars. We note also that here, as within
the arch, numerous foramina penetrate the alveolar rims. Several nutrient foramina are also to be found upon the
facial portion of the.maxillary, centrad of its junction with ; the malar. Reverting to the palatine areas again, we may
note that the right internal pterogoid plate ends in a well-
marked hamular process; mutilation has unfortunately robbed —
the skull in this respect upon the left side.
TEETH.
The skull is abnormal in having 17 teeth in situ, 14 peing those duly erupted during life, and the remainder are
in their respective dental follicles. The third pair of molars —
were upon the eve of eruption, the over-lying bone having been fully absorbed. The abnormal molar, which is situated upon the left side about half-way up the zygomatic surface of the maxillary, is apparently imperfectly calcified, its sur- face is soft and crenated. With the exception of the two
central incisors, which are slightly rotated towards the | median line, all the teeth present a beautiful curve, the
individual teeth taking their places with unerring accuracy, and with perfection as to points of contact. |The incisors,
which taper in outline, have broad cutting edges—sides :
that taper to a small rounded neck; the mesial sides mark
a: ee
*S1)D19}D) DWALON UL [INAS ouL
“IVNIDIUOUVY NVINVASVL
ANG
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P. and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925. Plate IL.
TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL,
The Skull in Norma facialis. 4
eae Me Asti 8
es
P. and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925. Plate IV.
TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL. The Skull in Norma basalis,
INSMOMIGN Aiithicne teeuiaen
Vv.
Plate
and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925.
P.
crane
TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL. Skiograph of the Skull in Norma lateralis.
P. and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925. Plate VII.
TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL.
Skiograph of the Skull in Norma basalis, (Complete view.)
INBNUS AW AN aSCA UGE
P. and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925. Plate VIIt.
TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL. Skiograph of Palate and Teeth. (Viewed in Norma basalis.)
r ’
gNonuE ish
LY WH. H. SCOTT AND R. McCLINTON, D.D.S. (CAL.). 9
the sharpest angle with the plane of occlusion. Upon both incisors and pre-molars the developmental marks may still be traced, although the effects of action upon coarse food have started to become manifest. Upon the left hand side of the arch, with the mesial angle of the left central incisor as a starting point, the plane of occlusion bears away from the normal about 5 degrees in a graceful curve, and does not become normal again until we reach the second pre- molar—effects incidental to excessive chewing upon this side. The lateral incisor shows a deep indentation upon its cutting edge. The lingual surfaces of all the teeth are highly polished as the natural result of correct usage. ‘The pre- molars and the first molars upon both sides show the effects of attrition, but the second molars (although well polished) only show wear upon the lingual cusps. With the exception of the abnormal fourth molar, all the teeth are physically perfect, and without structural defects such as commonly obtain among the white races of to-day. The radiographs show large pulp canals in all the teeth, end an absence of bone absorption; in a general way, these data indicate youth. The rooting of the teeth is as follows:—lIncisors single rooted, pre-molars double rooted, first molars triple rooted, while the roots of the second molars are drawn to a point.. This latter is to be regarded as a special provision of nature to allow of the mutual adjustment of the occlural surface to conform to the curve of occlusion, and thus assist the act of food mastication, The gingival surfaces are all healthy, and devoid of any pathological conditions such as follow upon the ravages of pyorrhea. In conclusion, it may be stressed that the vigorous jaw action incidental to the grinding of coarse food called out such a rich supply of blood as to fully nourish the teeth, and much of their perfect condition may be directly traced to this important factor.
After the above notes had been written Dr. William K. Gregory’s work upon the Origin and Evolution of Human Dentition became available: to us, and we notice that upon page 421 he figures (after Keith) a Tasmanian palatal arch, and compares it with that of a Mousterian Youth and certain primitive apes. As our photographs will show, the arch we are dealing with is much nearer to that of the Mousterian’ than it is to the Tasmanian outline he re-produces. In this connection we also desire to record the fact that four female ‘and six male skulls available to us all agree in having palatal arches of this type, but that an eleventh skull (that of
10 SOME NOTES UPON A TASMANIAN ABORIGINAL SKULL,
“Cobia’”’), as we have already stated, is more gorilla-like, and in a general way conforms to the figure by Keith. We also call attention to the note upon page 478 of Dr. Gregory’s work respecting “shovel shaped” incisors, and invite attention to the shape of the incisors shown in the skull we have under study; their extreme perfection should supply useful data for future workers in this field of research.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plates I.-VIII.
1. The skull viewed in Norma lateralis.
2. Norma Facialis.
3. Norma occipitalis.
4. Norma basalis.
5. Skiograph of Norma lateralis.
6. Skiograph of Norma facialis.
7. Skiograph of Norma basalis—Total outline, with
internal structures. -
8. Skiograph of Norma basalis. Teeth and palate only. All Photos by Dr. R. McClinton.
MASP OM MELAOURNF
whaler,
11
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WOLFFIA ARRHIZA, WIMM., IN TASMANIA.
4 By L. Ropway, C.M.G., Government Botanist. (With 5 Figures.) (Read 15th April, 1925.)
Marsh plants have generally the widest distribution, and of the Duckweeds these are no exceptions. Lemna minor, L., and Lemna trisulea, L., both cosmopolitan species, are the only plants of this family that have hitherto been recorded from Tasmania. We now may report Wolffia.
‘ Growing in a marsh near Lewisham, also on Maria sland, :
The species of Lemna float horizontally on the surface
: he water, or if quite submerged, which often occurs with
*, Cur plants of L. trisulea, their position is still horizontal.
= Each plantlet sends a single rootlet from the centre of its
+Under-surface; in one species, not Tasmanian, more than
<0ne of these slender rootlets develop, while the rootlet is often absent from fronds of L. trisulea. Another feature of this genus to which we may refer is the fact that the plants are bisexual; the flowers are very rare, and arise from the edge of the frond, and mostly consist of two stamens and °ne carpel, Propagation takes place by lateral budding.
of t
The genus Wolffia is of quite a different structure. Thstead of floating horizontally, it does so perpendicularly,, €xposing an edge to the air and sinking the greater portion of the frond as an oblique plate. Flowering is unisexual, and
takes place in the centre of the exposed portion. It bears NO root,
The following is a description of Wolfia arrhiza as found M Tasmania:— In surface view the exposed portion of the frond is s long, convex, 1 mm. long by 0.5 mm. diameter, green, cells Small. In perpendicular aspect the frond extends below into
12 OCCURRENCE OF WOLFFIA ARRHIZA IN TASMANTA,
an oblique colourless process, the epidermal cells large and the inner ones smaller, but all colourless; the green portion forming a disc about 0.3 mm. thick. Propagation takes place by budding on the concave edge.
When a frond proceeds to fiower a fossa forms in the centre of the green surface, and at the base of this fossa, whether staminate or pistillate, the flower forms. The male flower consists of a single stamen, 130u. diameter, white, globular, unilocular, the wall of which is formed of a single layer of muriform cells. Pollen grains spherical, minutely echinulate, 16u. diameter. The stamen is borne on a short filament; it protrudes from the fossa at maturity. The wall soon disintegrates, and the dry pollen drifts away on the surface of the water in quest of a projecting stigma.
The female flower consists of a single flask-shaped carpel, elongated above into a short style, ending in an irregular stigma, altogether about 250u. long. The carpel contains a single erect orthotropous ovule. After fertili- sation the ovule becomes slightly enlarged and indurated, the ovarian walls shrivel up, but the seed usually remains in the fossa. The whole plant sinks to the bottom and rests in the mud,
BY L. RODWAY, C.M.G. 13
EXPLANATION OF FIGURE.
Fig. I. Upper view of sterile and fertile fronds. Big. II. Lateral view.
Fig. III. Seed condition.
Fig. IV. Carpel and ovule.
Fig. V. Stamen in section.
Variously magnified.
14
THE R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE, 1925. THE MAMMALIAN TOILET AND SOME CON- SIDERATIONS ARISING FROM IT.
By FREDERIC WooD JONES, D.Sc., E.R.S.,
Elder Professor of Anatomy in the University of Adelaide. With 23 Text Figures.
(Read 7th May, 1925.)
Few ways of honouring a departed pioneer in science could be conceived as more appropriate than the establish- ment of a memorial lecture. Among the memorial lectures that have been founded the world over to commemorate the life and work of outstanding men in the realm of Science, the R. M. Johnston Memorial Lecture may be considered as a younger member. For this very reason the delivery of the lecture becomes a matter for careful deliberation. Should the lecturer attempt to interpret some phase of the work of the pioneer in whose honour the lecture is delivered? Should he take some episode from the career of the leader and elaborate that into a theme into which his own work may be woven? Or should he merely give his own and, as far as his ability lies, the best-of his own, as a tribute to the memory of the man whose life work the lecture honours?
I am tempted to adopt this last course, and this for two reasons; the one that certain memorial lectureships have an accepted standard, to which successive lecturers, over the interval of centuries, have attempted to attain, of expounding the doctrines of some great teacher.
Tt has often seemed to me that in these lectures there was a possibility that the lecturer might have had a message to deliver, but that in paying tribute to the master and attempting some familiarity with his writings and his work the message has become so subordinated as to be well nigh * undecipherable.
The second reason for departing from the tradition that clings to certain memorial lectureships and, thereby, in establishing a precedent in this one, is that my predecessor
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S, 15
in this office, Professor Sir Edgeworth David, delivered what might be termed the R. M. Johnston Memorial Lecture.
There ig no man who might be better trusted to place an appropriate verbal wreath upon the tomb of a scientific pioneer; no man who could better strew the pathway of memory with the petals of well merited praise than Sir Edgeworth David. It might be said that, as a memorial lecture, he has left this office a barren one by virtue of his own tribute.
I feel, therefore, that I am absolved from attempting a task such as Sir Edgeworth David accomplished. But I feel also that Sir Edgeworth’s tribute is only one aspect of a memorial lecture; the other is to offer up, in memory of 4 great man, that which in one’s present occupation seems Most fitted to constitute a subject for philosophical reflection and for possible suggestion as to future lines of research. I shall, therefore, elect, as the R. M. Johnston Memorial Lecturer for 1925, to pay my homage rather in the form of ree lecture which introduces certain matters for homely con- Sideration than in attempting to elucidate any phase of Work, or in dwelling upon any special researches, of the man Whom we are met to honour.
Who first invented proverbs I do not know. There is a Suggestion of the East about many of them, but probably
€y are common to all humanity. Most proverbs are retained in common usage since they may be employed as Maxims wherewith age and experience may advise or admonish youth and inexperience. But some are double- edged. The child who is reproved for adopting the natural Method of eating with his fingers has always in the back- 8tound, even if it comes no further into usage as a very Present help in time of trouble, the saying that “Fingers an made before forks.” The child is in the right. It r Tue, fingers were made before forks, and herein lies the
arm that captivated Samuel Butler.
qeetler’s was the mind that placed forks and fingers in Zn Ra oP er perspective. What is a fork but a finger made, is Say, artificially? What is a fork but an extended organ ete organ? Did we not make both? Ags Butler « +s Said (1); “The organs external to the body, and “thi Internal to it are, the second as much as the first,
n . : < . 8s which we have made for our own convenience, and Tr
00 SEE ————— -- ) Evolution, Old and New, ‘Reprint, Fifield, 1911, p. 89.
16 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
“with a prevision that we shall have need of them; the main “difference between the manufacture of these two classes of “organs being that we have made the one kind so often that “we can no longer follow the processes whereby we make “them, while the others are new things which we must make “intrespectively or not at all, and which are not yet so incor- “porate with our vitality as that we should think they grow “instead of being manufactured. The manufacture of the tool “and the manufacture of the living organ prove, therefore, to “be but two species of the.same genus, which, though widely “differentiated, have descended, as it were, from one common “filament of desire and inventive faculty.”
Tools and limbs—there is not much between them. The limbs are part of us, and made in our own making; the tools are only temporarily part of us, and made independently of our structural unfolding. Forks and fingers; if we regard them as Butler did, there is not a great difference between them. Fingers grow on us, forks are part of us only during meal times; but we shall see that there is a very pretty sequence in the development of these things.
Fingers were made before forks, that is true. But think of how many things were made before fingers were invented, and, in order to limit the discussion, think of how many other things were made in order to assist and extend the office of the fingers in some very humble processes—functions which we are usually prepared to forget or to pass over.
Most people have a proper respect for the scientific worker whose daily occupation leads him to contemplate the ordering of the movements of the heavenly bodies, and even - the man who spends laborious days in unravelling the story of atoms is recognised as one living in an elevated sphere of mentality. But what can be said for the man who has a mind of such a homely type that he is willing to be perplexed by the problem of how animals keep their ears clean? The process of keeping the ears clean is one that is generally con-_ sidered to be hardly worth studying, and certainly one of which the importance does not excuse the nastiness. The business of keeping the ears clean is, however, only a detail in a great scheme of processes, some of the other details of which are far less suitable for polite discussion.
The whole great assemblage of processes we may group together under the title of Toilet Operations. These little - operations are homely enough things, and yet if we are pre- |
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. 17
pared to forget their lowliness, and what might even be termed their unpleasantness, there are several lessons to be learned from them. Just as fingers were made before forks, so were fingers made before tooth brushes and tooth picks. But what preceded fingers in those animals in which the digits are so altered as to be useless for these functions? We shall see that, in almost all toilet operations, nature has invented some peculiar device for the performance of the function; that this device is rudimentary or absent when the animal possesses fingers, which can perform the operation better; and that, as a final stage, man has invented other artificial members to replace the use of the fingers. The sequence is in three stages. First there is the local mechanism, then there is the digit, and last the external instrument. Ears must be kept clean—every schoolboy knows it. in many animals there are structural specialisations developed for this purpose. There are processes of the external ear developed for shutting up the passage. There are, in many marsupials, for instance, mechanisms for folding the whole ear and protecting the inner parts; and then there are all sorts of specialised glands and specially directed hairs for keeping the passsage free from foreign bodies. In us some of these things persist. We have a complete system of wax glands, and secretor-motor nerves supplying them; we have rather variably developed specialised bristle hairs (vibriss2) in the external auditory meatus. The wax that is secreted from the wax glands is a peculiar substance, its function seems obviously to be that of snaring particles of foreign matter gaining access to the external auditory meatus. It is a substance that does not decompose; but it slowly shrinks and dries after it is excreted. It seems as though in our ears Wax were secreted at the bottom of the external auditory Meatus, that it was destined to dry up, but that there was no normal mechanism for expelling it from the external auditory meatus. Indeed, we know that aural surgeons who are specially gifted in curing deafness are commonly especially skilled in the simple business of removing wax from the ear. But many years ago I was told by an aural Surgeon that there was a mechanism provided for ridding the human ear of the wax that has been secreted and has accomplished its purpose. The wax, as it is secreted, enmeshes the vibrisse, the axis of which is oblique. As it contracts 't pulls these bristles down; but the turning point comes, the inspissated wax parts company with the surface of the
C
18 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
passage, the hairs straighten themselves suddenly, and the mass is loosened and freed. How true this dictum is I do not know, but that wax may be suddenly loosened from the ear, with a quite recognisable “click,” is probably within the experience of all. I imagine that the explanation is a reasonable one, and I think that an inquiry along these lines might solve the problem of why some people are for ever becoming deaf, owing to the accumulation of wax, and others never suffer from this condition.
Whatever may be the mechanism of freeing the wax from the depths of the ear, there is no doubt that its ultimate removal is, in man, efrected by the nail of the little finger. So obvious is the office of the little finger in this connection that for centuries the fifth digit of the manus was known to the learned by the name Auricularis. To-day we term it Minimus, but to my mind, though this name may be con- sidered more polite, it lacks the distinction of assigning a definite function, however humble, to this digit. ,
In this matter of digital nomenclature we may take Diemerkroeck as our guide. Of the digits he says:—“The “first, which is the thickest, and equals all the rest for “strength, is call’d Pollex or the Thumb. The second is the “Forefinger from the use, call’d the Index, or Demonstrator, “the Pointer, because it is us’d in the demonstration of things. “The Third or Middle-finger is call’d Impudicus, Famosus, “and Obscoenus, the Obscene and Infamous, because it is “usually held forth at men pointed at for Infamy, and in “derision. The Fourth,,the Ring-finger, or Annularis and “Medicus, the Physitian’s-finger; because that Persons for- “merly admitted Doctors of Physic were wont to wear a “Gold Ring upon that Finger. The Fifth, call’d the Little- “finger, in Latin Awricularis, or the Ear-finger, for that “men generally pick their Ears with it.” (2)
It may perhaps be doubted if this explanation of the name “obscoenus” for the third digit is correct. We all know of the degradation that results from being pointed at with the Finger of Scorn; but I have a fancy that this is not the origin of that very peculiar name for the middle, or longest, digit of the manus. As for Auricularis, he is clear and direct. There is no gainsaying Diemerbroeck’s explanation of the name.
(2) Isbrand de Diemerbroeck, The Anatomy of Human Bodies. Trans- lated by William Salmon, London, 1694, Book III., Chapter If, p. 494.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc., F.R.S. 19
After all, those of our race should be the last to be Squeamish concerning the toilet functions of the fifth digit. With us it is not a case of fingers were made before forks, for We have not yet- invented the successful fork unless the rolled up edge of the towel so much and so rightly dreaded by the child can be accounted as such. The fork, or its equivalent, has, however, been invented by others. Few, if any, of the Asiatic races are without a definite instrument for cleaning the external auditory meatus. In the splendid coils of her black hair the Malay woman wears a little silver pin some six inches long; one end of this ornament is pointed, the other, which is crooked, is fashioned like a tiny spoon. This is the Korek Kuping, and, though it is an ornament worn becomingly in the hair, it is also a functional instru- ment, the use of which is the toilet of the external ear. (See Figure 1.) Fingers were made before Korek Kupings, and
2
Figure 1.—Two examples of the Korek Kuping—the toilet implement of! the ear. (1) A Malayan and (2) a Chinese specimen.
We—though it may be on the sly—still employ the fifth digit of the manus for the office the Korek Kuping was designed to discharge, Although we have ceased to name it Auricu- aris, we still, behind closed doors, demonstrate the appro- Priateness of that name. It may even be suggested that the adoption of an instrumental Auricularis, such as is employed Reeesiatic races, would be a movement in the direction of Oulet refinement. It is true that such an instrument has “en invented, and has been made available in chemists’
sh cue, Q A Pee This invention, however, which was known as an ee was branded by the contemporary aural surgeon
“
in H. Burnett, The Ear, 1884) as “that most pernicious ee reprehensible instrument,” and, so far as I know, Tilaves enjoy no present-day popularity.
26 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
If we open the mouth of a dog and look at the margin of his lips we see that the condition differs very widely from that which we see when we look inside our own lips. The margins of the lips of a dog, or indeed of the lips of most mammals, are beset with curious little tags and frills. (See Figure 2.) These little tags are processes of the substance
Figure 2.—The mouth of a Wolf Cub with the cheek removed, to show the papille growing from the lip and from the side of the tongue.
of the lips, bluntly pointed at the ends, and clothed with a surface epithelium, which is almost horny in its nature. If this frilled fringe of the lip is left in apposition with the teeth it will be noticed that the little processes lie against the teeth and that, when the lip is moved, the tags work up and down along the interspaces between the teeth and on the surfaces of the teeth themselves. If we look further into the mouth we shall notice that, on the inner side of the tooth row, there are other tags developed from the side of the tongue, or from a fold below the tongue. The outer row of tags, or labial processes, are variable in form in different mammals, but are constant in site, inasmuch as they arise from the margin of the lips. The inner row of tags may arise either from the sides of the tongue itself or from certain folds, the plica sub-lingualis or the plica fimbriata, below it. (See Figure 3.) All of us have admired the clean white teeth which most animals possess; and those who have regarded rats as being unclean, because their teeth are yellow, forget that the yellow colour is natural to the enamel of their incisors. The beautifully clean white teeth of the carnivora know no artificial tooth brush; they are innocent of tooth powder, tooth paste, or tooth pick. They are cleaned in the
UATIGUAL MUSEUM MELA OEM |
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc., RS. vAl
common mammalian fashion by the play of the little rubber fingers of the lips and tongue.
Figure 3—The tongue of the Flying Opossum (Pctaurus breviceps), to show the fringe of papille (plica fimbriata and plica sublin- gualis) along its side.
In the Primates these little tags are lacking, but it is
not to be forgotten that the human child at birth shows a
condition in which the lips are beset with little papillee which
Seem obviously to be remnants of those which are present as
4 common mammalian heritage. (See Figure 4.) In the
Mii
ne Neth
$5} ail Nei Wipe Ny es
oo
Figure 4.—The lips of a new-born baby, to show the little papillz with which they are clothed (after Ramm).
Primates the intimate tooth cleansers seem to have been Subordinated to the activities of the digits.
We have our tooth brushes and our innumerable denti- frices, but we must remember that our tooth brushes, by Working along the line of our teeth and not up and down, 4S do the labial and lingual processes, are not so effective in cleansing inter-dental spaces as are Nature’s methods.
Yor must we forget that European tooth brushes are not the Only kind invented by man, for many races use a brush Which is applied up and down as are the lost intimate tooth cleansers, Such tooth brushes, which are very like the rayed-out ends of wooden meat skewers, are widely used, but though put on the European market have, I believe, never Proved acceptable to European taste.
Dy, R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
Even the up and down tooth brush does not exhaust the aids to dental cleanliness employed by some races, and for a complete armamentarium for the dental toilet probably the Chinese is as well equipped as any man. Perhaps it may here be said without shame that, for what may be termed the general toilet of the mouth, the European lags far behind the Asiatic. We Europeans have our tooth picks, which enjoy a curiously anomalous acceptance midway between covert usage and open display upon restaurant tables. These articles may be purchased expensively, wrought of gold and silver, or cheaply when made of wood or quill; but their recognition is only partial. They are not employed overtly as the tooth brush, the neglect of which is shame, they are not unknown as is the Korek Kuping; they are in a stage of recognition as implements but of disfavour as to public employment. We do not know if their usage is of the right hand or the left.
Fingers were made before tooth brushes and tooth picks; but before fingers there came a whole series of beautiful adaptations to the local mechanism of cleansing the teeth.
As with the ears and with the teeth, so with every other external part which may need toilet attentions.
No more delicate external organ than the eye can well be imagined; and although we must not fall into the popular error of supposing that eyelids are developed purely for the purpose of protecting or cleansing the eye, we must not over- look their office in this matter.
There is a very attractive Gecko, which is widely dis- tributed in Australia, but does not extend its range to Tasmania, named Gymnodactylus miliusi, which in Australia has almost become legendary as the “Wagga,” which stands on its hind legs, barks like a dog, and bites severely and venomously. It is a charming and harmless creature, which is certainly vocal‘and certainly stands erect on the tips of the toes of all four feet; but beyond that does nothing out- rageous. Like all Geckos, it lacks moveable eyelids; but lacking one instrument, it uses another, and its tongue replaces the absent eyelids in the office of removing particles from the surface of the eye. Gymmnodactylus miliusi has an attractive habit of solemnly sweeping its tongue over the surface of its eyes, and probably other Geckos can do the same. But though Geckos and other animals may employ expedients of this sort, the real mechanism for conducting
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc., F.R.S. 23
the toilet of the eye is the third eyelid, or nictitating mem- brane, acting in conjunction with the upper and lower lids. Though the upper and lower lids have other functions to perform—the third eyelid is a toilet implement pure and simple—its function is to sweep across the eye and remove particles and draw them across to the inner corner of the eye. It works like the Gecko’s tongue. In all the monkeys this third eyelid is a mere rudiment, just as it is in man, but in some mammals it is of considerable size. As Robert Knox observed, “The third eyelid, perceptible enough in man, “though clearly a vestige; more developed in the ox, horse, “dog; still more in the elephant; most of all in the bird— “ever the same elements nearly are found in all; it is merely “a question of size and function, but not of kind or “organisation.” (3)
We are so used to being able to remove foreign bodies from the inner corners of our eyes by the use of our finger tips that it is difficult to picture the condition in those animals in which no instrument save the innate toilet mechanism of the eye exists.
It would seem that the mobile, inquisitive, and resource- ful finger had usurped the functions of many very beautiful mechanisms, and let it be remembered that in the three simple examples of the ear, the teeth, and the eye, which have been instanced by way of introduction, we have only invaded the marches of this great realm of. the special digital toilet.
Would you hand the sweetmeats to a son of Islam you must elect the right hand for that office; for there is a Specialisation in the usage of the hands for offices polite or impolite. I have, in the examples I have cited, chosen some- what from the right handed offices of our digits. Not only have we limited ourselves to the more or less honourable use of the digits, we have also limited ourselves to certain Special portions of the kody, which may be defined as the OVifices of certain sense organs—though from choice we. have left the nose out of account. In all this we have not Considered the great question of the toilet of the general Surface of the body, the toilet of the coat, the business of pene the whole of the skin and hair orderly and clean. n this business many mechanisms play, or have played, their Parts, and we should look to see wide differences in the toilet appliances, for there are wide differences in type of ee a Se Ae ee
(3) Robert Knox, Great Artists and Great Anatomists, 1852, p. 196.
24 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
the toilet to be performed. A hairy coat is the birth-right and the hall-mark of the mammal, but the nature of the hairy coat varies widely, since a mammal may be clothed with spines or bristles, with harsh, coarse hair, with fine silky, velvety, or woolly fur, or it may be relatively or absolutely naked.
For all sorts and conditions of spines, hairs, and furs there must be a special and definite toilet and a definite toilet mechanism. There is also another consideration; there may he parasites of very varying. types that find lodgment in the coats or upon the skin of the animal. The presence and the nature of parasites are important factors, and they have probably played a conspicuous part in the be- getting and moulding of toilet implements.
We brush our hair when we rise in the morning, we may do it again in between times and before we retire at night. Animals perform the toilet of the coat at very varied intervals; some do it only when the call is imperative, some perform it almost without ceasing during their waking hours. As a homely example, the cat is for ever at its toilet when not otherwise employed; the dog devotes its energies to a good scratch only when the insistent attentions of a fiea, or something of the sort, have evoked an imperative desire to scratch. In this very homely illustration there lies a deep physiological truth. The dog possesses the well- known “scratch reflex’; tickle his front ribs, and his hind legs will start scratching movements in response. The cat has no such generalised reflex, save for a slight local mani- festation around the ears. You may tickle a cat’s ribs as long as you care to do it, but you will never produce a sympathetic twitch in its hind leg, such as may be evoked on an instant in a dog. The coat toilet of the cat is a deliberate operation, the occupation of a well-employed leisure. The coat toilet of the dog is a reflex and unconsidered affair, imperative, utilitarian, and unzsthetic in its manifestation.
There are many ways in which the toilet of the surface of the body may be conducted, and in order to introduce some system into their study it is best to take the different ‘methods and examine them separately.
(1) BY RUBBING AGAINST EXTERNAL OBJECTS.
This may be termed the method of the itching post, and it is a favourite method with certain animals that lack toilet implements of their own.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.RS. 25
It is because of the general lack of toilet implements among the Ungulata that this rubbing against posts and trees has become so characteristic of them. The hoof pro- hibits scratching. As the animal cannot scratch itself, it must find something which will do the scratching for ave It invents a toilet implement; though it has not made a fork it has found an itching post.
(2) BY BRUSHING OR FLICKING WITH THE TAIL.
These methods play no great part in the toilet of the coat as we are here considering it, nevertheless they are important enough from the point of view of the animal. It is again in the Ungulata, cursed with the hoof instead of the hand, that the tail functions so predominantly as a toilet organ. In the study of structure and function, it would perhaps be difficult to find an organ of such outstanding interest as _ the tail. This dead end of the vertebrate body, left over after the body and its organs are fashioned, is ever available for some office. The various uses that have been made of it afford material for a bulky thesis.
Could John Hunter, the Very Revd. William Paley, and Samuel Butler have entered into partnership and produced a joint work upon the uses of the tail we would have had a regard for the tail almost as great as we have at present for monkey glands or pituitary bodies. The mammalian uses of the tail are legion; in comparatively few animals does it function ag an instrument of the toilet, and then its office is called upon only because some other, and more cus- tomary, instruments are at fault. The horse, for instance, relies on its tail to perform the office that would be fulfilled by the teeth or the claws of a dog.
(3) BY SCRATCHING WITH HORNS OR ANTLERS.
This method of conducting the toilet of the coat is again a limited one, and one that does not lead us far. As with the itching post and the tail, it is mainly a toilet substitute of the Ungulata. Scratching with horns and antlers is necessarily limited in its manifestations in the mammalia; it is limited also, even in the horn-bearing animals, to the Parts of the body to which it can be applied. A stag, an antelope, or a cow can scratch only a limited part of its ~ body with its antler or its horn. Although these things Play a definite réle in the toilet of the coat, their réle is limited in area and limited in its display among the mammals.
26 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
(4) BY TWITCHING WITH MUSCLES.
Everyone has seen this simple toilet operation performed by a horse; the little flicker that runs beneath and shakes the skin is familiar to everyone. The special subcutaneous muscle sheet which produces this twitching is very variably developed, and is put to many uses in different animals; as a toilet muscle its great function is to dislodge from the skin flies, parasites, and foreign particles which lodge upon portions of the body difficult to reach with any other toilet instrument. For our present purpose the panniculus car- nosus sheet, which is a toilet muscle in so far as it is a twitching muscle, is of only minor importance, although twitching as a fine art is seen at its best among the mar- suplals.
(5) BY LICKING WITH THE TONGUE.
The tongue is in very different case from the other toilet instruments we have reviewed. The tongue—the member most unjustly named unruly—is one of the most perfectly adjusted neuro-muscular mechanisms in the body. A marvel for precise action, a revelation for obedience to cortical control, the tongue seems ever ready to take on new offices. Among these offices a conspicuous one is that of conducting the toilet of the coat by the process of licking. Although it is a simple thing to watch animals and to appreciate the enormous importance of the tongue as a toilet instrument, it is by no means easy to determine what modi- fications of the tongue itself are due to its toilet offices. In writing of the Lion’s tongue, Flower and Lydekker (4) say:—
“The tongue, like that of every other species of the “genus, is long and fiat, and remarkable for the development. “of the papille of the dorsal surface, which (except near the “edge) are modified so as to resemble long, compressed, re- “curved, horny spines or claws; those near the middle line “attaining the length of one-fifth of an inch. They give the “part of the tongue on which they occur the appearance and “feel of ‘a coarse rasp, and serve the purpose of such an “Instrument in cleaning the flesh from the bones of the “animals on which the Lions feed.” This rasping flesh from bone is a business of which we have all been told, and I would not dispute that it indeed may be an important matter. That the curious roughness of the tongue of the cats is in reality begot for flesh-rasping is to my mind a
(4) An Introduction to the Study of Mammals, livin. d inct,. 1891, p. 507. ; il seed
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sec., F.R.S. OT
very doubtful supposition. I think it may be contended that among the functions for which this peculiar roughness would be required, the business of coat toilet far outweighs that of flesh-rasping when we come to observe the habits of, even, a domestic cat. Although the flesh-rasping function has become the accepted and traditional explanation of the peculiar rasp-like nature of the tongues of the Felidx, 1 feel certain that the brush-and-comb tongue is essentially a toilet implement, and that the flesh-rasping habit is rather a minor one, magnified in order to explain a very peculiar structure. In such a study as this we must not forget that apparent triviality may be compensated for by frequency; a condition that is often not duly considered. The toilet of the Feline’s coat is a never-ending business, for every once that a cat’s tongue is called upon to rasp flesh from bone it is employed a hundred times as brush and comb and sponge in one.
The toilet of the cats is a remarkable affair, and one well worth watching. It will be noted that the animal licks all parts of its body that are within direct reach of its tongue, and the tongue can reach almost all its body save the sides of the face, the top of the head, and the back of the neck. In order to conduct the toilet of these parts the cats have perfected a toilet process, which, so far as I know, is confined to them; they lick the side of the paw and cleanse the head and face with that. This use of the furry manus as a sponge is, I believe, unique with the Felidx, but I by no. means feel prepared to uphold the thesis that, when the Operation is carried to the backs of the ears, rain is likely to follow.
It is not only cats and the other members of the Felidx that lick their fur for the purposes of the toilet. Many marsupials lick wide areas of the body; but here only a certain element of this extensive operation may rightly be claimed as a toilet process. I do not know that it has been Sufficiently appreciated that this extensive licking of the Marsupials is merely a substitute for perspiration. In very hot weather, dogs, which cannot sweat, loll out their tongues and evaporate moisture from the wet surface. This is a Substitute for sweating. Many marsupials, such as opossums and kangaroos, when distressed by the heat, lick the whole of the forelimbs, and with increasing need for heat radiation Moisten large areas of the body by means of licking with
28 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE, the tongue. This operation must not be mistaken for a pro- cedure for conducting the toilet. It is merely a means of providing an evaporating surface, in the absence of sweat glands. There is, however, in almost all marsupials a residual licking, which is purely a toilet operation, and this is the business common to all mammals that, to use the recog- nised expression, lick their chaps. Apart from the elaborate feline tongue-toilet, and apart from the common mammalian process of the licking of the chaps, many animals have a limited toilet of the coat which is conducted by the tongue. Most Ungulata lick these portions of the body (and they are limited) which can be reached with the tongue. Everybody has seen a cow turn its head and lick the very small area available to the exploration of its tongue. There is an inter- esting sequel to this business of licking the coat. Should the condition cf the coat be below normal, the tongue toilet becomes increasingly necessary. The accumulated hairs licked from the coat must be got rid of, just as we must remove the hairs from hair brushes and hair combs. Under normal conditions it is to be presumed these hairs are either ejected from the mouth or swallowed. In any case the amount of hair to be disposed of as the result of any individual toilet operation would be inconsiderable. But if the animal happened to be shedding its coat, it is possible that after each overhauling of the coat by the tongue a relatively large mass of hair is taken into the mouth, and the bulk of this will be swallowed. In this way result those homely products, elevated by age-long legend into the realms of the mysterious and occult; the simple or calcified hair bails of the patho- logist, the fabulous, the priceless, the incemparably potent antidotes of the alchemist. Of these things Gaspar Schottus (5) wrote:—“‘Quam notus est lapis, quem Bezoar alii, alii “Bezaar, et alii Belzaar, hoc est (ut ajunt) veneni dominum, “seu veneno dominantem appellant’; and then the author tells much of mysteries and goats from the Indies which do not appropriately come under the heading of the Mammalian Toilet. Taking it all round, from the rasps of the Lion’s tongue to the Bezoar stone of the Capra bezoardica, the business of the coat toilet conducted by the tongue is a large one, and it must be remembered that here we have only mentioned self-licking; there is a wide extension of the subject when we also take into consideration mother-con- ducted and mutual licking.
(5) Physica curiosa, 1667, Liber VIII., p. 858.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. 99
(6) BY COMBING WITH THE TEETH.
In the business of combing the fur with the teeth lies, from an historical point of view, perhaps the greatest interest attached to any of the toilet implements. It was Cuvier who, in 1829, called attention to the function of the curious procumbent lower incisors and canines in the Lemurs. When describing Lemur caita, Cuvier mentioned a curious habit, and he recorded that:—‘Ces animaux sont portés, par “leur instinct, & se gratter mutuellement avec ces dents, qui “semblent ne leur avoir été donnés que pour nettoyer leur “nelage; car ils ne s’en servent jamais ni pour mordre, ni “pour couper; ce sont de véritables peignes.” (6) This simple observation, made nearly a century ago, has often been overlooked by succeeding generations of zoologists; but of its accuracy there can be no doubt whatever. The four lower incisors of the Lemurs have become altered in form and in position, and, moreover, the lower canines have also participated in the change, and have become so thoroughly modified in the same direction as the incisors (see Figure 5) that they have frequently been mistaken
Figure 5.—The front teeth of a Lemur (Lemur catta), to show the adaptation of the six lower anterior teeth to the purpose of
a hair comb. ‘ e being incisors themselves. These six lower teeth have aoe elongated and compressed from side to side; in form ee can only be likened to the teeth of a comb. They have 4lso become altered in position, so that, instead of being
cee aa RG oe ee a ee
., (6) Geoff int-Hilair i istoi ; me Miferes, 1829, pete: Hilaire et F. Culvier, Histoire naturelle des Mam
30 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
directed towards their fellows in the upper jaw, they pro- ject almost straight forward. In consequence of this alteration in their axis the upper incisors are left without anything to bite against, and they have become reduced and probably almost functionless structures. There is no doubting the anatomical fitness of these lower front teeth for the office of a hair comb; there is no doubting the frequency with which they are put to that use by the Lemur. One has only to watch a waking Lemur for a short while in order to witness the use of the dental hair comb. Carefully, with downward strokes, the hair comb is passed through the hair.. An efficient instrument, there is no denying it, and one well adapted to the peculiar woolly fur of the Lemur. When we realise that the peculiar form of the lower front teeth of the Lemur is the result of specialisation effected for the elaboration of a hair comb, we oktain the clue to the functions of another remarkable feature of lemurine anatomy.
We have previously mentioned the little tags found within the mouth of some animals; and these little tags we have postulated as being functional tooth cleansers. The lower front teeth of the Lemur, being no ordinary teeth, but hair combs, need an extraordinary tooth brush. This tooth brush is present in the form of the remarkable development of the lemurine sublingua. Although the real use of the sub- lingua was probably known to many observers of animals, to science it remained a mysterious structure.
In 1918, as the result of watching Lemurs at their toilet, I published an account of the functional réle of the sublingua. (7) When a Lemur has conducted the toilet of those parts of its body that it can reach with its dental hair comb, it rapidly moves the sublingua backwards and forwards over the comb, and with its little horny processes removes the débris from its teeth. (See Figure 6.) The woolly-
Figure 6.—The tongue of a Lemur, to show the so-called sublingua (plica fimbriata) adapted to the cleansing of the dental hair comb.
(7) Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. LII., p. 345-353.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.S8c., T.R.S. 81
coated Lemurs, which have nails instead of claws on all their fingers, and only one claw on their toes, are provided, never- theless, with a complete hair comb and a most efficient brush for cleansing the comb.
A curious parallel structure in the nature of a dental hair comb is seen in the so-called Flying Lemur (Galeopi- thecus volans). The Flying Lemur is not a real Lemur, but it has a real dental hair comb, and this hair comb, though having the same function, is‘ made in an altogether different way. In the true Lemurs six teeth are raked forwards so that each individual tooth constitutes a tooth of the comb; in the Flying Lemur the front teeth themselves are pecti- nated at their free edges, so that each individual incisor tcoth furnishes many teeth for the comb. (See Figure 7.)
NDA
Figure 7.—The mouth of the Flying Lemur (Galeopithecus volans), to show the pectinated lower incisor teeth and the anterior, pectinated, ‘ edge of the tongue. In this way there is an economy in the sacrificing of indi- vidual teeth for the composition of the comb, and in Galeopithecus there is no need for the canines to come for- Ward and assume the form of incisors, but, on the other hand, they become modified in the direction of the molar Series,
Just as the true Lemurs have developed their tooth brushes from the sublingua, so has Galeopithecus produced a harmonious structure, but it is made, not from the sub- lingua, but from the tongue itself. The anterior edge of the tongue of Guleopithecus is finely serrated, the serrations being used, so one imagines, for working in the interstices of the dental serrations, as the sublingua of the Lemurs Works in the intervals between the individual teeth. I think that none would be likely to doubt this interpretation of the
32 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE, Lemur’s procumbent lower teeth and of its specialised sub- lingua. Certainly no one would doubt it had they watched a Lemur at its toilet. With Galeopithecus, so far as I know, no observations have been made on the living animal, and it may be that some would shrink from assigning a toilet function to the curious lower incisors, to which no other function, demanding the special development of the pectinated edge, has been assigned.
When discussing this matter seven years ago I suggested that the reason for the development of the dental hair comb and lingual tooth brush in Galeopithecus was to be found in the fact that its manus was hampered from performing toilet operations by reason of its incorporation in the flying mem- brane. At that time, not being concerned with the question of. dental modifications for toilet purposes, I carried the matter no further; but it is difficult to know, to-day, just how far the matter can be carried. Take a further extension of the argument applied at that time to Galeopithecns. If the incorporation of the manus in a flying membrane might beget dental hair combs by reason of the manus being thrown out of toilet employment, then the Bats, one would imagine, might show some such specialisation. It may ke that many mammalogists would not agree that the curious lower incisors of the Microchiroptera, or Insectivorous Bats, were highly specialised teeth, modified for the requirements of the toilet. We have seen that, with the development of a dental hair comb from the lower front teeth of the Lemur, the upper front teeth tend to become functionless and to undergo reduction. In the Microchiroptera this reduction of the upper front teeth, with the accompanying serration of the edges of the lower front teeth, is carried to extremes.
Opportunities for watching the Microchiroptera at their toilet are not easily come by, and it has not fallen to my lot to observe an Insectivorous Bat carry out the toilet of its coat since the peculiarities of its lower frent teeth have attracted my attention. In the absence of direct observation upon this point it is, therefore, only possible to suggest—it 3s not possible to assert—that the curious serrated lower inciscrs of the Microchiroptera ave modifications that are associated with the toilet requirements of animals deprived of the toilet uses of the manus. (See Figure 8.)
Observations on the life nistories and habits of our native Bats are sadly wanting, and I would recommend to
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. 33
our field naturalists the study of living Bats. If this study be carried out, I feel sure that it will be observed that some portion of the Bat’s body, probably the ventral surface and the shoulders, is subjected to a combing by the curious serrated lower incisor teeth.
Figure 8.—The anterior teeth of an Australian Bat (Taphozous flaviventris), to show the pectinated lower incisors and the absence of upper incisors.
It is impossible, within the compass of this review, to deal with the innumerable possible toilet modifications of the front teeth of mammals. Only this may be asserted, that as observations on living animals are accurately recorded so will our appreciation of the front teeth as toilet implements grow.
Here we may confine ourselves to native animals upon which observations are easy to make, and concerning which assertions as to habits and structure are easy to check. The marsupial animals are traditionally divided into two sections—the Polyprotodontia and the Diprotodontia. The one section has many small front teeth, the other has few and large front teeth. There is, however, another possible division of the marsupialia into two other divisions—the Didactyla and the Syndactyla, the one section having normal pedal digits, the other having the second and third digits conjoined. With the exception of one family (Peramelidx), the Polypro- todontia are Didactyla, and the Diprotodontia are Syndactyla. Put into ordinary language, this means that (with the ex- ception of one family) all the marsupials having small front teeth have normal, simple, digits, whilst all the marsupials
34 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
having few and large front teeth possess the specialised syndactylous pedal digits. Surely there must be some under- lying correlation in this. The syndactylous pedal digits seem to be begot when the front teeth become few. As we shall see later, the syndactylous pedal digits constitute an undcubted toilet implement. Do they then replace the many small front teeth which are themselves toilet implements? From observations on living polyprotodont didactylous mar- supials I certainly think this is so. I have come to regard the specialised incisors of the Didactyla as being toilet modi- fications, and this as a consequence of repeated observations of their use for the purposes of the toilet. To this subject I have already called attention (8), and here it is only necessary to recapitulate, in a brief manner, the results previously recorded.
I have had examples of Krefft’s Pouched Mouse (Dasy- cercus cristicauda) under close observation for upwards of four years, and the detailed toilet of the coat has been repeatedly witnessed in these animals. (See Figure 9.)
Figure 9.—The front teeth of Krefft’s Pouched Mouse (Dasycercus cristi- cauda), showing the specialised central incisors. ; These attractive little marsupials scratch themselves vigerously with the digits of the pes; but if any part of their body demands special attention they turn their heads and nibble and comb their hair in a very characteristic fashion. From these observations I have been for some time convinced that the front teeth and the syndactylous digits were com- plementary structures, vicariously discharging the same functions; and have already suggested that the little sharp front teeth of certain other animals are probably o1 more importance as toilet implements than as organc connected
(8) Mammals of South Australia, 1924, Part IL, p. 135, and Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust., Vol. XUVIIII., p. 187, 1924.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc, F.R.S. 85
with alimentation. It is only of late, however, that, in watching Dasycercus at its toilet, I have come to realise that there is a remarkable specialisation of its front teeth, which is, as far as I can determine, related solely to the function of hair combing. Of the eight incisors carried in the upper jaw, two, the central members, are in every way ab- normal. These two teeth are remarkable, not only in their form, but in the axis in which they are carried in the jaw, for they rake forward at an agle which carries them out of alignment with all the rest of the teeth. So marked is this projection of the upper central incisors that, in the normal position of the jaws, they do not articulate with the corre- sponding members of the mandibular series. The upper central incisors are large teeth, larger and longer than their fellows, from which they are separated by an interval which exceeds their own diameter. They are also separated from each other by a slightly smaller interval in the mid line, and at their tips they somewhat tend to approach each other. The corresponding lower central incisors are also specialised, being considerably longer and larger than their fellows, and separated from each other in the mid line by an interval similar to that which separates the incisors of the upper jaw. When the jaws are opened and shut it will | be seen that these specialised front teeth do not bite together as the other incisors do, but the lower centrals close behind the upper centrals, their “occlusal” surfaces failing to articu- late. It is impossible, after having watched the animal at its toilet, to avoid the conclusion that these specialised, projecting incisors, separated by a median gap, are the functional counterpart of the little parallel claws of the syndactylous pedal digits. Indeed, it is difficult to postulate any other function from them.
Dasycercus is not the only didactylous didelphian exhibiting this specialisation of the anterior teeth, for, with the exception of Sarcophilus, all the species that I have been able to examine show the peculiarity in some degree. The various members of the genus Phascogale display the long, prejecting, upper central incisors in a still higher degree of Specialisation, and the condition is well seen in Phascogale Penicillata. (See Figure 10.)
In the Native Cats the differentiation of, the front teeth is not so pronounced, but, nevertheless, the peculiarity is Quite obvious, for the upper central incisors cant forwards and are separated from each other and from their fellows.
R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
Figure 10.—Skull of the Brush-tailed Pouched Mouse (Phascogale penicil- lata), to show the projecting upper central incisors.
The lower central incisors are also large, distinct in form,
and separated in the mid line.
Perhaps the most interesting modification of the anterior teeth is that seen in Myrmecobius, for here it is the lower incisors that are the most highly specialised, the upper central incisors being very small, but sharply pointed. In Myrmecobius the teeth are more widely separated in the mid line than they are in the Pouched Mouse, and it is to be hazarded if this modification is associated with the coarse, hispid hairs which constitute the animal’s coat. The lower central incisors of Myrmecobius are relatively very large teeth, and are peculiar in their form. The special interest attached to these teeth of the Numbat lies in the fact that the dentition of the creature is obviously in a state of de- - generation. In the midst of this degeneration the two lower central incisors stand out in marked contrast, and it might almost be said that they are practically the only undegenerate teeth that the animal possesses. (See Figure 11.)
_—
Figure 11—The front teeth of the ‘Banded Ant4Eater (Myrmecobius fasciatus), to show the specialised lower central incisors.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. 87
From the refined toilet of the coat by the dental hair comb of the Lemur to the casual nibbling at the site of the operations of an importunate flea, as witnessed in the dog, there is evidently a gradation in the toilet usage of the front teeth in the mammals. There still remains the question of the correlation of the two divisions of the Australian mar- supials into the Polyprotodontia and Diprotodontia and the Didactyla and the Syndactyla.
We have seen that all the Australian marsupial animals, with the exception of the family Peramelidx, which possess many small front teeth, have no specialisation of toilet digits on the pes, and that all the Australian marsupial animals possessing few and large front teeth have, without exception, the specialised syndactylous toilet digits.
The Peramelide (Bandicoots) are, therefore, in an anomalous position, for they have many front teeth and also possess the specialised pedal toilet digits. It is true that the Bandicoots possess the many front teeth, they have five upper and three lower incisors upon each side of the jaw, but the incisors are no longer of the type seen in the rest of the Polyprotodonts; they have lost their pointed, prong- like character, and have become chisel-shaped. It is not, therefore, the quantity of front teeth, but the quality of them which determines their use as toilet implements. The Pera- melide have many front teeth, but these front teeth, being useless for the toilet of the coat, have been supplanted by the syndactylous toilet digits of the pes.
(7) BY BRUSHING WITH A SPECIALISED HAIR BRUSH.
How common mammalian hair brushes are, and upon what parts they may be developed, I do not know, but when ‘we take into consideration the perfection of one of these organs it seems not unlikely that others, possibly less perfect, exist.
_ An excellent account of the toilet of a Free-tailed Bat— Nyctinomus brasiliensis—was published in 1865. The description was written by Mr. W. Osborn in Jamaica. Referring to the toilet of the Bats, he says: “The luxury King “James thought too great for subjects, and ought to be
“reserved for kings, is largely indulged in by Bats. First
“one and then another wakes up, and, withdrawing one leg “and leaving himself suspended by the other alone, adroitly ° “uses the foot at liberty as a comb, with a rapid effective
Pay
38 ; R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
“movement dressing the fur of the underpart and head—an “action far from ungraceful. The foot is then cleaned “quickly with the teeth or tongue, and restored to its first “use. Then the other leg does duty. Perhaps the hairs with “which the foot is set may add to this end. I often have “seen them do this in confinement; and probably the numerous “Bat-flies with which they are infested may be the cause “of extra dressing.” The suggestion that the hairs that spring from the lateral digits of the pes aid in carrying out the toilet of the coat is, so far as I know, the first allusion to one of the most remarkable toilet appliances seen in the mammals. Among the distinguishing features of the Molessine Bats is the character that “the feet are broad, the “outer and inner toes much thickened and larger than the “others, and furnished with long curved prehensile hairs.” (9) I think it would be a mistake to suppose that these hairs had a prehensile function. No hint of their being useful in this way can be gleaned from watching living examples of our common Molossine Bat—Nyctinomus aus- tralis—but on the other hand this Bat will readily demonstrate the truth of Osborn’s observations on the Jamaican member of the Genus.
In some Bats the brush is confined to the first digit only, and then this digit is considerably stouter than any of the others; in our Free-tailed Bats the marginal digits, the first and the fifth, are both thickened and both furnished with brushes. The brush is a complex and beautiful structure. The hairs composing it are stiff and bristle-like, and each is crooked at its tip. The hairs project from the margin of the first and fifth digits, and are so arranged that their free extremities all end on a common level, the outer hairs being longest, the inner ones shortest. The recurved tips of the hairs are a striking peculiarity, for each bristle is bent at a right angle just short of its tip. (See Figure 12.) The little hooked ends of the hairs are so arranged that the free tips are directed towards the middle line of the foot. In this ‘way the little brush functions somewhat after the fashion of a rake, and after it has been passed through the soft fur it leaves its furrowed imprint clearly defined.
Probably this molossine hair brush is not unique in the mammals, and it is to be noted that, in the sense that it is a flange added to the side of a digit, it somewhat recalls the
(9) Dobson, G. IE., Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the British Museum, 1878, p. 403,
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc., F.R.S. 89
Figure 12—The pedal hair brush of a Free-tailed Bat (Nyctinomus australis), which inhabits Australia and Tasmania.
avian pectinated preening claw which has recently been thoroughly re-investigated in Australian birds by Dr. A. M. Morgan. (10) It is of interest that in Osborn’s account of the use of this hair brush the teeth or the tongue are ulti- mately called upon to cleanse the brush. Here again is seen the sequence we noted in the Lemur; the specialised toilet implement needs a mechanism for its own cleansing.
(8) BY SCRATCHING OR COMBING WITH NAILS OR CLAWS.
Here we may encounter mere generalised scratching, with claws not specially modified for this purpose, or we may meet a deliberate toilet carried out by a definite toilet. implement fashioned from claws specialised for this pur- bose. Of the general use of the human nails for the purpose: of the toilet an anonymous author wrote in 1724 (11) :— “A further Use of the Nails is, that they, like Hooks, are “serviceable in drawing anything to us, and are Weapons ne defend us from the Trouble that arises to us from some mall living Creatures that often make their Habitation upon the Surface of our Bodies, and to allay the uneasy
‘ Sus . .
‘Titillation by scratching.”
ere ATK tar LUM Ste ee OSE Oe ll | Ge
Oo (10) The Pectinate Middle Claw in Australian birds, South Austra.ian rnithologist, Vol. VIII., part 2, March, 1925, p. 44.
th (11) An Essay concerning the Infinite Wisdom of God, manifested in 2 Contrivance and Structure of the Skin of Human Bodies. By a Lover.
of Physick and Surgery. 1724. p. 9.
40 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
Although we have seen that in certain very remarkable directions our several fingers are allotted separate toilet offices, nevertheless, all unite in discharging the general business of body scratching when this scratching is done on a large scale. But for what might be termed precise and localised scratching the index finger is the elected member. In many other animals this election and specialisation of a scratching toilet digit goes much further, and a definite toilet implement is begot. It is impossible here to trace the office of the nails as toilet implements through the whole of the mammalia, a vast amount of observation must be carried out and recorded before the facts are available. We must content ourselves with noting one or two out- standing examples among the higher mammals, and then confining our attention’ to the Monotremes and Marsupials. where assertions as to behaviour and the use of toilet digits may readily be checked by watching the living animals.
We have previously noted the dental hair comb of the Lemurs; but this is not their only toilet implement. They possess a pedal hair comb also. Lemurs are peculiar in that though flat nails are developed on all the digits of the manus and on four digits of the pes, the second pedal digit bears a strong erect claw. Of Lemur mongos Cuvier recorded (12) : —“Nous ne les avons jamais vus se serve de cet ongle & autre “chose qu’a Vintroduire dans leurs orielles.” This strange nail may, therefore, function in the special toilet of the ear as well as in the wider office of tending the general coat toilet. (See Figure 13.)
igure 13.—The pes of a Lemur, to show the only claw—that of the Bs second pedal digit—the animal possesses. -
One of the most remarkable toilet digits, the function of which seems to have had little attention devoted to it, is the greatly elongated claw of the second pedal digit of Echidna. That the great claw is a toilet implement there is no doubt;
(12) Op. cit. sup., p. 214.
BY PROFESSOR F, woop JONES, D.Se., IRS. 41
it is begot for scratching down to the roots of the spines, and the length of the claw is in proportion to the length of the spines. In the very much larger and longer spined race of Hchidna, which lives in the South-eastern portion of South Australia, the claw of the second pedal digit is harmoniously enlarged. In the small-spined form of Hchidna that inhabits Kangaroo Island the toilet digit measures 35 mm., while in the long-spined Southern South Australian form it has in- creased to 50 mm. (See Figure 14.)
SS ZZ ‘COO Taney
SIZ LB.
Figure 14.—The enlarged claw of the second pedal digit of the common ‘Spiny Ant-eater (Mchidna).
It is to be noted that the pedal toilet digit of Mchidna is the same member of the series as that of the Lemur; and we may make a generalisation and say that the hall- mark of pedal toilet digits is that they tend to be on the inner side of the foot and on the inner margin of the digit. This is the side of the foot and the side of the digit most readily brought into apposition with the body in performing what may be called the down stroke of scratching. The
Ad R. M. JOHNNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
pectinated claw of the birds follows the same rule. With most animals the first pedal digit is too valuable for its own sake to be given over to the toilet, and the second accepts the office. But where the first digit has lost this value, as in the Bats, it becomes the toilet digit of the pes, and in certain Bats an exceptional implement is placed on the fifth digit; Bats being apparently capable of passing their feet over parts of their body in both directions with equal effect, or of performing up stroke, as well as down _ stroke, scratching.
It is not always the second pedal digit only that takes over the functions of the toilet when the first is too valuable to be spared for this purpose. The second and third pedal digits may both be set aside for this function. In the true Lemurs the second pedal digit alone bears a claw, but in that Lemur, which is no Lemur—Tarsius spectruwm—the second and third pedal digits are clawed, whilst all the rest have flat nails. Fortunately we have accurate observations upon the use of these toilet digits of Tarsius. (See Figure 15.)
Figure 15.—The pes of Tarsius spectrum, to show the second and third pedal digits, which both bear claws.
It is also the second and third pedal digits that are involved in that most interesting of all digital toilet imple- ments—the conjoined pedal digits of the syndactylous mar- supials. In 1839 Sir Richard Owen wrote of these peculiar little toes that “they look like little appendages at the inner “side of the foot for the purpose of scratching the skin and “dressing the fur, to which offices they are exclusively de- “signed.” (13) No better statement could be made con-
(18) In Robert Todd’s Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, 1839- 1847, Art. Marsupialia, p. 286.
BY PROFESSOR F, WOOD JONES, D.Sc., F.R.S. 43
cerning their structure and function, nevertheless Owen’s clear pronouncement—like so many of his dicta—has often been overlooked. We cannot pretend to approach any more nearly to accuracy by adopting Pocock’s more recent.
yy
j
}
mM
4y Ab ve,
ANA ty Jas},
Figure 16—The pes of the Native Bear (Phascolarctus cinereus), to show the elongated syndactylous second and third digits.
Suggestions (14) that in Phascolarctus they are sufficiently well developed to assist in climbing, and in Phascolomys are large enough to be subservient to digging. It is enough to
(14) Proce. Zool. -Soc., 1921, Part III, p. 602.
44 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
know that they are used in the toilet and not in climbing or digging; that they are large enough to be used in either of these latter processes is a piece of information of no importance. That our hands are used for a variety of refine- ments of function is interesting, that they are large enough and strong enough to support the body weight in quadrupedal progression is no sound argument that their use lies this way. Pocock’s reference to the function of the syndactylous elements of the Marsupial foot is added to this 1921 paper in the form of a footnote. In 1920 I had named the syndac- tylous digits as “toilet digits” in a paper dealing with the Common Opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (5), and at the time was unaware of Owen’s previous dictum.
The correctness of this designation of them, and the truth of Owen’s original assertion that to “these offices they “are exclusively designed” is confirmed by every observation that I have since made.
The syndactylous pedal digits of the Marsupials are definite hair combs, put to no other use whatever. They are not degenerate or rudimentary digits; they are highly specialised and highly functional members adapted to the single end of being fitted to comb the particular type of hairy covering possessed by the animal. Just as the toilet nail of Echidna varies in development with the growth of the spines, so those marsupials which possess long woolly or hairy coats have elongated syndactylous digits, whilst those with short coats have the elements far less developed. (See Figures 16 and 17.) We may contrast the elements in the long woolly coated Native Bear with those in the short smooth coated Red Kangaroo. Not only are they specialised toilet digits, but, as we have seen, there is reason to believe that they are begot when, in response to a change of diet, the many little sharp front teeth are replaced by few and larger chisel-shaped teeth. To those who have opportunities for watching Marsupials there is no need to dwell further on the matter. The wonderful mobility and aptitude of this little instrument are so easily observed in living animals that half an hour of observation will teach more than the reading of many books.
(15) Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust., Vol. XLIV., 1920, p. 372.
BY PROFESSOR F, WOOD JONES, D.Se., P.R.S. 45
Figure 17.—The pes of the Dama Wallaby (Thylogale eugenii), to show the short syndactylous second and third digits.
AG R..M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
MANUS SCRATCHING OR PES SCRATCHING.
With which member does any particular animal conduct its coat toilet? All of us have certain generalised pictures of animals scratching themselves; but it is astonishing how few printed records there are of the actual operation. We know that a dog scratches itself altogether with its pes; - we know that a cat cleans certain parts of its body with its manus, others with the tongue directly, and that it seems to confine scratching with the pes to its “ticklish” spot at the base of the ears. We know that a monkey conducts the toilet of its whole body or the body of its neighbour with its fingers, and here let it be definitely laid down that a monkey’s digital toilet is a pure skin and coat toilet, and is not, as is so commonly assumed, an unending pursuit of parasites. Monkeys are pre-eminent among the mammalia for being free of ecto-parasites. There is no such thing as a monkey fiea or a monkey with fleas.
After prolonged investigations upon all the monkeys dying in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London, careful search for parasites proved vain until the arrival of a consignment of closely packed, ill-conditioned monkeys, that, during their long journey in overcrowded cases, had become infested with a pediculus. The ordinary monkey that is so assiduous in its toilet has no parasites to capture, and it will apply the process to a human hand and arm with as much zest as it displays in the case of its neighbour or itself.
In the case of that most interesting of the Primates— Tarsius spectrum—we have, thanks to Professor Le Gros Clarke, (6) an accurate description of the toilet, for he says:—“The hind limb is used for scratching purposes, the “digits of the pes being fiexed on the sole in such a way that “only the two claws on the second and third digits are left “protruding.” This animal also conducts its toilet with its tongue “by licking the fur after the manner of a cat.” With the great majority of the higher animals we need more extensive study and a better recorded series of observations. One little detail may, however, be recorded. During the stay of a party on Pearson Island in January, 1922, all the members were much struck with the ability of the otarid Hair Seals to scratch themselves over a large area of the body with the nails of the pes, when the flipper membrane was flexed from the free extremities of the nails. The
(16) Notes on the Living Tarsier, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1924, v. 219
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc, F.R.S. 47
toilet of these Sea Lions is conducted with the nails of the pes, and a long-continued and oft-repeated toilet it is. The interest of this toilet of the Seals lies in the fact that the phocid Seals are unable to conduct a pedal toilet, since their hind limbs are permanently turned backwards as the tail flipper. {m the Phocids then, the limited toilet is conducted by the claws of the manus. This example of the toilet of the two divisions of the Pinnipedia is of interest, for it shows us that a vast number of observations must still be made and recorded upon the toilet methcds of the higher mammals. In the case of the Monotremes and Marsupials we are on more certain grounds. I think that none will dispute the pedal toilet of the bristles conducted by Echidna; certainly no critics will arise from the ranks of those who have ever given room to this most difficultly housed and most tiresome of pets. With Ornithorhynchus, however, the case is very different. Dr. George Bennett made many observations on the toilet of the Platypus, and nowhere in his writings can I find any reference to the employment of the manus as a toilet implement. (7) In his numerous admirable accounts he always mentions the employment of the pes; he notes that the toilet of the coat is an oft-repeated affair, and he makes several references, of which the following may be taken as typical:—
(1) Op. cit., p. 119. “In this process of cleansing the “skin the hind claws were brought into use—first the claws “of one hind leg, then those of the other; but finding that “it could not use the one to which the string was attached so ‘well as the other, which was disengaged, after repeated als it gave up the attempt. The body being so capable tue contraction, was readily brought within reach of the hind feet, the head also coming in for its share of the pro- “Coss.” (2) On page 143 he records that they “reclined on
One side, scratching themselves with the hind claws.” (3) He also noted, p. 135, that, “besides combing their fur to Clean it when wet, I have seen them preen it with their beak (if the term may be allowed) as a duck would clean Its feathers.”
Dr. Bennett, we may therefore conclude, noted that the Coat toilet was conducted with the pes, aided by the occasional preening with the “beak.” That the coat toilet should be Conducted by the pes we would expect from the anatomical
(17) Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australia, London, 1860.
48 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECFURE,
conditions displayed in the manus and pes respectively, and also from a general knowledge of the use of the pes and manus in early mammalian forms.
Of late, however, a disturbing note has crept in, for Mr. Harry Burrell (8) has declared for the manus toilet of the Platypus. In that paper he says:—‘Having studied “the Platypus in captivity as well as in its natural haunts, “T am convinced that most of the principal duties are per- “formed with its active and powerful fore-limbs”
“in grooming or scratching itself, this quaint contortionist “squats ‘tripod fashion’ on its haunches, and imitates every “antic peculiar to a flea-infested monkey.”
It must be remembered that Burrell is here attempting to establish the thesis that the soft, rubber-like hands “are “used for manipulating the eggs.” It is possible that they are. But are the “soft, rubber-like hands” used for the toilet of the fur, as he describes, to the exclusion of the better adapted pes, as Bennett maintained? It can only be said that anatomical probability supports Bennett’s” observations, but that wider and more extended observations are needed to settle the point. Meanwhile, we may safely affirm that when Burrell likens the Platypus to a “flea- “infested monkey” he may be making genuine and astute observations on the Monotreme, but he does less than justice to the Primates. It must not be forgotten in this connection that even the spur of Ornithorhynchus has been deemed a toilet implement.
Of the Didelphia, I have watched many species at their toilet. Of the Didactylous forms, all the species that I have had under observation, including various Pouched Mice and Native Cats, have conducted the coat toilet with the pes, aided by the teetli. All scratching is dene with the foot, _and the manus is never employed in this occupation. With the Syndactyla the methods vary. I have had several mem- bers of the Peramelide living in captivity, and all of them, from the Short-nosed Bandicoots (Isoodon) to the Bilbies (Thalacomys), employ the pes only, aided by an cceasional nibble with the front teeth. So great is their reliance on the pes for the performance of the coat toilet that one Bilby (Thalacomys nigripes), which lived for long in captivity and had suffered the loss of a hind leg in a steel rabbit trap, made vigorous efforts to scratch with its stump, but never
(18) The Australian Zoologist, Vol. I., Part 4, 1917, p. 87.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. Ag
replaced the office of the absent pes by attempting to employ the manus. Most of the Phalangeridx employ the pes for the regular coat toilet, but in many of them the manus has a limited and occasional use over a restricted area of the body. The members of the Macropodidx vary in their usage. The only member of the Potoroinw that I have had under observation is Bettongia lesueuri grayi, and this animal I have never caught employing the manus in its toilet. Many examples of this species I have had under observation in captivity for several years, but since they are nocturnal in their activities they are not easy to study. Nevertheless, as the pedal toilet has been witnessed on many cccasions, it is safe to say that if the manus is used for this purpose at all its employment is no regular thing. Among the Macropo- dinx there is also a difference in individual methods, for though the manus. tcilet is only a very occasional affair in the little Wallabies of the Dama group, it is a constant and regular proceeding with some of the larger Wallabies and with all the Kangaroos that I have observed. In all the Kangaroos the manus and the pes are employed each for its special office in the toilet, and herein lies the interest in the study of these animals.
It is much to be hoped that all field naturalists who have opportunities for observing animals .at their toilets will record their observations, for so many intimate details are ‘lacking in our knowledge of these habits of even the com- monest animals.
THE SPECIAL NEED FOR TOILET APPLIANCES IN CERTAIN ANIMALS.
We have seen, even within the limits of this very partial survey, that whereas some animals possess well defined toilet appliances, some are apparently not so well endowed. It may be asked, why are some animals so lavishly supplied whilst others apparently go lacking? In the first place we may be fairly sure of our ground when we assert that if an animal retains fairly generalised digits such as are possessed by the higher Primates, toilet appliances will be few. The nimble, resourceful, inquisitive fingers have supplanted the Specialised toilet implements.
But suppose the digits become so altered that they are useless for the performance cf the toilet, then there is need for specialisation. This is the case with the Bats, and in
13)
50 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
lesser degree, with the Flying Lemur, which, as we have seen, possess such cunningly contrived toilet appliances.
Into this category fall most of the Ungulata, and in them there seems to be but little provision made to com- pensate for the loss of the individual digits. Ungulata must use their tails, their horns, even their hoofs, and over certain areas their tongues. They must rub against external objects, roll in herbage, wallow in the mud, or, in extremities, resort to a bath.
Then, again, the texture of the coat has to be considered; cand here the Ungulates are compensated by nature, for most of them have coats which do not require an elaborate toilet, and some are practically naked. Nevertheless we may note here that when, by artificial selection, man develops an abnormally thick coat, which requires a toilet, on an Ungulate that cannot conduct the toilet, disaster is likely to occur. We rightly blame the blow fly for the havoc it plays among sheep; ‘but we must not overlook the fact that we have developed ‘for commercial purposes a coat which needs a toilet on an animal which is incapable of carrying out the toilet. Another consideration is also of importance. Just as, according to the anonymous writer of 1724, our finger nails were provided as weapons against the small creatures which pestered us, so are the toilet digits of the mammals adjusted to their prevalent ecto-parasites. Osborn noted in connection with the toilet of the Jamaican Nyctinomus that “probably the ; “numerous Bat-flies with which they are infested may be “the cause of extra dressing.” These ecto-parasites of the Bats are peculiar creatures and the Nycteribiidx infesting Australian bats have recently been Ss by Musgrave, of Sydney. (19)
I have elsewhere alluded to the importance of the Marsupial parasites known as Mallophaga or Biting lice. (20) These parasites have been studied by Launcelot Harrison and Harvey Johnston, (21) and their presence in the coats of the Marsupials possibly accounts for the need ‘of the elaborate Marsupial toilet. The study of Mammalian ecto-parasites and mammalian toilet mechanisms is one which stands in need of correlation. But it is not to be doubted that the parasite is ‘to be considered in the question.
-(19) Recaps of the A birateame Wpeeh Vol. ‘XIV, No. y 1925, p. “289. (20) The Mammals of South Austratia, 1924, p. 135. (21) Parasitology, Vol. VIII., No. 3, 1916, p. 338.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Sc, F.R.S. 51
THE MAMMALIAN COAT.
So much for some of the numerous ways in which the mammals conduct the toilet of the coat, and for some of the factors which demand the creation, and determine the type, of the special toilet implements.
It is necessary, as a further step in this study, to examine what may be described as a typical mammalian coat. For this purpose we may select a primitive member of the Didelphia and Krefft’s Pouched Mouse (Dasycercus cristicauda) provides an admirable example of such an animal. (See Figure 18.) In the adult animal the fine
Figure’ 18.—Pouch young of Krefft’s Pouched Mouse (Dacycercus cristi-
cauda), to show the primitive type of hair tracts. soft hair lies smoothly all over the body, and the tips of the hairs are all directed backwards, so that the animal can he stroked from head to tail in order to smooth its hair. We can learn more when we examine an immature young animal upon which the hair is only just beginning to appear. In such a specimen the direction of the short hairs is readily detected, since each individual hair is short and stiff, and is like a nail driven obliquely into a piece of wood. The hair is not yet long enough to have its direction altered by brushing or parting.
It must be insisted here that the study of hair direction can only be undertaken properly upon such young animals, and that it is much to be desired that hair charts of suitable specimens should always be recorded. Accounts based on. the examination of living adults may also attain to a high degree of accuracy, but descriptions written from skins or from prepared or mounted specimens are likely to be extremely misleading.
a
52 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
In Dasycercus the hairs of the muzzle and chin point directly backwards, and those of the face, running to the anterior angle of the eye, part into two slightly curved streams, which run around the eye and meet again at the. front of the ear. Upon the head and neck, the chest, and the whole of the back, sides, and ventral surface of the body the hairs are pointed with their free tips directed backwards and slightly downwards. Along the tail the hairs follow the same direction, pointing to the tip. Upon the backs of the ears the hairs stream from the sides of the head, and are directed towards the tip of the auricle. On the limbs, the hairs point downwards from the body to the digits and also backwards from the front (pre-axial) aspect of the limb to its hinder (post-axial) aspect.
This may ke taken as the picture of the primitive hair pattern of the mammal, and it may be summed up by saying that the hair is directed caudad and ventrad upon the trunk and distally and post-axially upon the limbs. Among the primitive Marsupials that present this simple type of hair pattern we may mention the Banded Ant Eater (Myrme- cobius fasciatus), the Native Cats (Dasyurus), and the Tas- manian Devil (Sarcophilus), as well as the little Pouched Mice, of which we have taken Dasycercus as an example.
Besides these marsupial animals, the primitive hair pattern may be seen in a large number of less specialised higher mammals. But the primitive hair pattern is upset in some way or another in many types, and these upsets lead to the development of the well-known hair tracts.
HAIR TRACTS AND THEIR CAUSATION.
It is well known that whilst some animals have 2 uniformly directed hairy coat, others show partings, whorls, convergences, and reversals in certain areas of their bodies. Everyone is familiar with these things upon the coats of domestic animals or even the poorer manifestation of them, upon the hairy covering of man himself.
Why is the hair of some animals arranged in the pattern of basal mammalian simplicity, and how are any alterations in this basal simplicity effected in those animals showing departures from the primitive mammalian type? At once we encounter theories, and many such have been put forward to account for the varying hair trend in the mammals,
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., PRS. 53
When once the hair trend has been altered from the primitive caudad, post-axial, direction, many factors might possibly be invoked to account for this alteration. We may summarise those that have been suggested as follows :—
Schwalbe, who studied the question exhaustively, postu- lated that, for the most part, body contour and the stretching of skin during growth accounted for the disposition of the hair. Voigt had previously put forward very much the same explanation; for he imagined that the course which the enlargement of the body takes, in the early stages of develop- ment, produced that stretching of the skin which caused the hairs to slope in different directions. Eschricht believed that the alteration of hair pattern depended upon the dis- tribution of the vascular system. Thompson, who looked at the matter from an altogether different angle, broke fresh ground when he postulated a functional cause in the necessity for offering the least resistance to the air, to grass, brush- wood, and other obstacles through which the adult animal moved. It was Thompson who also enunciated the watershed theory which found expression in the work of Darwin and subsequently of Leonard Hill. Dr. Walter Kidd followed Thompson in the upholding of external causes, these external causes being gravity, posture, movement, and the habits of the animal. (22)
Lastly, in 1924, Bolk, of Amsterdam (23), rejected all the findings of Kidd, and returned to the internal causation, which he imagines rather vaguely to be “certain conditions “of the growth of the skin.” It is difficult, at first sight, to. understand why the very simple explanation put forward, for some cases by Thompson and for others by Kidd, did not at once gain practically universal acceptance. Any one, who is an observer of living animals, could appreciate the fitness of the explanation when applied to certain hair tracts, no matter if its correctness did not seem to be revealed by all. On the cther hand, even the advocates of the contour, Stretching, and growth theories do not appear to have a clear notion of the actual production of any individual hair tract, and, for one who is not an advocate, it is a difficult matter to picture the processes involved.
When the primitive hair trend is upset, it may merely be modified or slightly distorted, obviously by the dictates of the proportions and contours of the body; or it may be completely reversed.
(22) Initiative in Evolution, 1920. > he (23) Journal of Anatomy, Vol. LVIJII., Part iii, p. 206.
54 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
It is those cases in which there is a complete reversal of hair trend that are most likely to reveal the causation, since, in order to turn the hair stream into a direction directly opposite from that which is primitive, the causal factor must be potent and probably the more easily dis- cernible. In studying these reversals we will mainly confine our attentions to the Marsupials, since in them our oppor- tunities for observation are so much more extensive and our conclusions the more easily checked.
Figure 19.—Pouch young of the Rock Opossum (Pseudochirops dahli),. showing pes reversal on the side of the head, and the pre- ocular reversal in front of the eye.
The first striking reversal of hair trend to be noted. in the Diprotedonts is that tract which involves, as a rule, the vertex of the head, the forehead, and sides of the face. A simple example of this may be taken from Pseudochirus or Trichosurus. As seen in these animals, the reversal area starts at a whorl situated somewhere on the crown of the head and, from the whorl, the hair radiates (1) straight forwards along the forehead, (2) downwards and forwards to the posterior angle of the eye, (3) directly outwards to the dorsum and posterior surface of the large ears, and, at its hinder limit, becomes normal by merging with the unreversed nuchal stream.
The making of this area I have watched repeatedly, and, from the experience thus gained, have no hesitation in affirming it to be caused by the scratching of this region, in a direction reversed’ from the normal hair trend, by the syndactylous toilet digits of the pes.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. 55
‘If Trichosurus be watched at its toilet it will be seen that, when it scratches itself with its hind limb, the syn- dactylous hair comb is raised to the anterior part of the body and the hair comb comes in contact with the animal’s vertex in the neighbourhood of the whorl. From this point, at which it starts its work, it scratches the hair forwards to the forehead, forwards and downwards to the eye, and outwards on the ears. The anterior limit of this reversed tract marks: the forwards sweep of the syndactylous digits as they pass. down the face behind the eye. This reversed tract, made by the forward combing of the pedal syndactylous digits, I have termed the main area of pedal reversal. Now it is. manifest that this area, if caused by pedal reversed scratching, would be liable to some variety in its exact. position; for, depending upon the relative proportions of the hind limb and the trunk, there will probably be a variation. in the exact area of the body accessible to pedal scratching.
In most Marsupials the caudad limit of the area is in the neighbourhood of the vertex; it may, however, extend back
' to the occiput, to the nuchal region, or even (in Phascol- arctus) to the scapular region. (See Figures 20 and 21.)
Figure 20.—Pouch young of the Native Bear (Phascolarctus cinereus) ,. showing pes reversal, I.-II., and manus reversa), IlI.-lV. .
56 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
In Phascolarctus the area is extremely large, and it extends from a whorl situated in the middle line of the back over the shoulders, to the crown of the head just anterior to the ears. In all the species that I have examined, so far, the area takes caudad origin in a single middle-line whorl. In
Ss
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— = on
Sy TP ae in,
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eee e
eis aN SSS SSS " <i
se : i, SES eel -
Figure 21.—Dorsal view of young Native Bear (Phascolarctus cinereus), showing pes reversal, I.-Il., and manus reversal, III.-IV.
addition to this main pedal reversal there is a smaller and less constant reversal area, which is almost certainly caused
_ by the reversed scratching of the syndactylous pedal digits. This area is situated upon the muzzle in front of the eyes, and is best termed the pre-ocular reversal.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., IFRS. 57
So far as I know, no animal, in scratching its head and face, includes the actual area of the eye in its field of operations. The eye is avoided, and the combing digits pass downwards from the crown and ears behind the posterior canthus of the eye, to start operations again between the anterior canthus and the rhinarium.
Regarded in this way the pre-ocular muzzle reversal and the main pedal reversal may be regarded as being con- stituent parts of a single field interrupted by the presence of | the eye. The pre-ccular reversal has been noted, so far, only among the Phalangeridx, and it is well developed in Pseudo- chirus and in Trichosurus, but is not present in Phascol- aretus.
In addition to scratching with the specialised digits of the pes, many Marsupials systematically scratch their coats with the digits of the manus. This habit is especially well marked in the Macropedidx, but it is also typical of Phascol- arctus, and probably of other Marsupials not yet studied.
In the business of conducting the coat toilet by the manus, a fairly wide area of the body may be subjected to scratching without there being any tendency to reverse the direction of the hair trend. There are certain areas of the body, however, where scratching by the manus is definitely done in a manner to cause hair reversal. One such area, which I have termed the main area of manus reversal, is of particular interest.
This area, like the main area of pedal reversal, is sub- ject to some variation in its actual position, since its site naturally depends upon the relativé proportions of the hody and the fore limb. In Phascolarctus it is extensive, and it starts low down upon the lumbo-sacral region as two bi- lateral whorls situated close together upon either side of the middle line. From these whorls the hair streams forwards upon the dorsal surface in a direction completely reversed from the normal. The reversed field terminates in front at a convergent hair line, situated in the lower costal region, which extends farthest forward in the mid line and passes down the flanks with a caudad trend to reach the ventral surface in the flexure of the groin.
The stream lines from the lumbo-sacral whorls pass downwards and forwards at the anterior limit of the area, and downwards and backwards, merging with the normal stream at the hinder extremity. This is the area which is
58 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
scratched in a forward direction by the strong claws of the Koala, and it represents the normal reach of the manus in scratching the coat in a reversed direction.
In Wallabia (Macropus) greyi the main area of manus yeversal is situated nearer to the anterior end of the body, since the short arms have a more limited reach in performing the action of reversed scratching. (See Figures 22 and 23.)
Figure 22.—Pouch young of the Toolache (Wallabia greyi), showing pes reversal, I -lI., manus reversal, III.-IV., and ventral manus.
reversal, V.-VI.
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., F.R.S. 59:
In this animal the start of the area is again in bilateral whorls, which, instead of being situated over the lumbo-sacral region, are shifted forward to the lower costal region. From
Figure 23.—Dorsal view of young Toolache (Wallabia greyi), showing pes reversal, I.-II., and manus reversal, III.-IV.
these whorls the reversed area runs forward and terminates at a convergent and whorled line over the scapular region. It is interesting to note, that, whereas the main area of pedal
60 R. M, JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
reversal starts at a single mid line whorl, the main area of manus reversal starts, in these types at least, in bilateral whorls.
In Wallabia greyi and in the Kangaroos, there is another area of manus reversal upon the ventral surface of the body, extending over the perineal and lower abdominal region. This area I have termed the ventral manus reversal area. Now the designation of these reversed fields as areas of manus and pes scratching is no mere matter of abstract nomen- clature; for this manus and pes scratching in a direction reversed from the normal hair trend is the hall-mark of the animals under consideration.
The coincidence of reversed scratching by manus and pes with the areas of hair reversal is a thing which may be witnessed constantly during observation of the living animal. There is still another reversal present in many Marsupials (as well as in many Monodelphians), which I have termed elsewhere the rhinal reversal area.
This area involves the very fine hairs situated just above and behind the naked rhinarium. From watching Tricho- surus, I have come to the conclusion that this reversal is created by the forward licking of the area by the tongue. Many animals sweep the tongue around their mouths—lick their chaps—at the completion of a meal; and, in this licking, the area immediately behind the rhinarium tends to be re- versed. This action is well seen in the domestic cat, in which animal the rhinal reversal is particularly well displayed. I have, therefore, come to the conclusion, from observations on living animals, that the rhinal reversal is a licking reversal. I have suggested elsewhere (24) that the well-known groin reversal of horses is in reatity caused by the upward licking at that part of the body which a horse can reach with its tongue. To this point it is to be hoped that those in constant association with horses would direct attention.
If these hair tracts of mammals have every appearance of being caused by the method of the coat toilet, it may well be asked if the hair of our scalps, subjected for so long to the attentions of our artificial toilet implements, shows the development of hair tracts that might be correlated with the use of these implements. In 1901 Dr. Walter Kidd wrote
(4) UourallofAnatompeVolidicxel Partel espe 76)
BY PROFESSOR F. WOOD JONES, D.Se., B.R.S. 61
an admirable paper on the hair tracts of man (25), and in it he pointed out the high probability that the human scalp hair pattern was “due to the inherited effect through “numerous generations of the method adopted in dressing the “hair.’ ‘Although Professor Bolk (op. cit.) has since opposed those views he has substituted no sufficient alternative factor. In a later paper (26) I have pointed out further evidence in favour of Dr. Kidd’s hypothesis, and likened the human scalp reversals to those noted in the Phalangeride. In that paper the question is summarised as follows:—“In the case “of Pseudochirus, the area is a pes reversal, for it is made “by the use of the syndactylous toilet digits of the pes. Of “that I think there is no doubt whatever. In the case of man, “T yegard it, with Kidd, as a manus reversal, being made by “the artificial toilet appliances used in the hands. Let “anyone scratch his head in idleness and see if the fingers “do not naturally encounter the whorl, and then traverse the “stream lines forwards to the forehead, sideways to the ears, “and backwards to the nape. Pseudochirus, with its pedal “hair comb, carries the reversal further back than man does; “but for the rest the cause and effect are similar.” For myself, I believe that the casual formation of hair tracts by brushing and scratching may be extended in the human body beyond the scalp area. Indeed, just as I would recom- mend anyone desirous of understanding mammalian hair tracts to watch the animals at their toilet, so would I recom- . mend the student of human anatomy to watch a man brush his hair, scratch his body, and brush his clothes.
Now, thsugh I think it is perfectly fair to state that no one who watched a living Marsupial and compared its actions with a chart of its hair trend could fail to see that the habitual actions of the animal coincided, in a remarkable manner, with the distribution of its hair reversals, it must be remembered that in assigning habitual actions as the causation of hair trends, a far-reaching implication is involved.
It is this implication—that an oft-repeated external action produces hair reversals—that has probably led to the general non-acceptance of the conclusions of Thompson and of Kidd. And yet I can see no escape from accepting these conclusions. It is inconceivable to me that internal factors, such as growth and stretching of the skin, could determine
(25) Proceedings of Anatomical Society, 1901, p. xxx. (26) Journal of Anatomy, Vol. LIX., p. 80.
62 R. M. JOHNSTON MEMORIAL LECTURE,
the reversals in the embryo, and that then the adult animals should scratch or perform movements which would coincide with these reversals.
I am quite convinced, from my experience of observing living Marsupials, that it is the habitual actions of the animal that determine the causation of those hair trends that I have described. But here we are faced with a difficulty. An apparently trivial, habitual, action of the animal determines the disposition of its hair tracts; but these hair tracts are already fully determined in the embryo as soon ag ever its hair appears, and long before it has per- formed any of its habitual actions. It would be idle for anyone to deny that the alteration of the hair trend by scratching was anything other than a trivial acquired character, begot during the lifetime of the adult; a character stamped on the animal from the repeated performance of a trivial action. And yet we see that, in the embryo, the effects of this habit are visible in the hair tracts as soon as ever these are determined in the developing hair, and long before the young animal has started to rehearse any of its inherited habits.
It is difficult to understand how these hair tracts of the Marsupials can be construed as anything other than as instances of the inheritance of an acquired character.
Almost certainly it is the Lamarckian import of Kidd’s _ work that has caused it to be adversely criticised, and which has led Bolk back again into the vagueness of expressions concerning the internal factor of the growth of the skin.
The ultimate implication of any explanation of a natural phenomenon must, of course, be borne in mind; but, if the explanation seems to be the true one, then we should consider well before we reject it, even though its acceptance imperils certain cherished beliefs.
It may be that to-day we are over given to estimating the value of facts by measuring them as items that do, or do not, fulfil the demands of existing theories. The day of true science will not dawn until we measure our existing theories by the metre of known facts. When it is appreciated that no single, well-established fact can be rightly dis- regarded, but that a dozen theories may be relegated to the scrap heap any day, without loss to science—then will science reign.
63
NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN MESOZOIC PLANTS.
Part II. By A. B. WaALkoM, D.Sc., Secretary, Linnean Society of New South Wales.
Plate IX. (Read 13th July, 1925.)
' This paper completes the examination, undertaken last year, of a series of fossil plants from the Mesozoic Rocks of Tasmania. In addition to the collections of the Tasmanian Museum and Geological Survey, I have also had the oppor- tunity of examining a small collection from Mt. Nicholas, presented by Mr. Alex. Montgomery to the Geological Survey of New South Wales. For this latter opportunity I have to thank Mr. W. S. Dun, who very kindly gave me his notes on the specimens, and also furnished me with the photograph of the specimen of Pecopteris figured here.
I take this further opportunity of reiterating my admira tion of the work the late R. M. Johnston did on these fossil floras, thirty to forty years ago; and also of expressing again my appreciation of the kindness of Messrs. Clive Lord and P. B. Nye in giving me the opportunity of examining the col- lections and in offering every facility to assist me in the work.
The following list of thirty-three species indicates the extent to which the Tasmanian Mesozoic flora is now known, and compares favourably, as regards number of known species, with any of the floras of Mesozoic age in Australia:—
Equisetales: Neocalamites Carrerei, Zeiller. Phyllotheca australis, Brongn,
Filicales: Cladophlebis australis (Morris). ” tasmanica (Johnston). 5 Johnstoni, Walkom. ? Phlebopteris alethopteroides, Eth. Jr.
64 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN MESOZOIC PLANTS,
Thinnfeldia Feistmanteli, Johnston.
rr odontopteroides (Morris).
- lancifolia (Morris).
Ps acuta, Walkom.
rf ef. talbragarensis, Walkom. Johnstonia coriacea (Johnston).
7 dentata, Walkom.
1 trilobita (Johnston).
Linguifolium diemenense, Walkom.
of Lillicanum, Arber. Sphenopteris Morrisiana, Johnston. Pecopteris (cf. Hille, Walkom). Texniopteris Morrisiana, Johnston.
Carruthersi, Tenison-Woods. Sagenopteris moribunda, Johnston. Chiropteris tasmanica; Walkom.
Cycadophyta: Pterophyllum Strahani, Johnston. - risdonensis, Johnston. i (Anomozamites) inconstans (Braun).
Pseudoctenis sp. Sphenozamites Feistmantelti, Johnston,
Ginkgoales: Ginkgoites digitata (Brongn.). re salisburioides (Johnston). Baiera tenuifolia, Johnston. ? Baiera bidens, Tenison-Woods. ? Czekanowskia sp. Pheenicopsis elongatus. Neocalamites Carrerei has been recorded from rocks of
Rhetic age in Tonkin and South Africa, and from the Ipswich Series, of Upper Triassic age, in Queensland.
Phyllotheca australis is more typically a Permian species, occurring in association with the Glossopteris flora. It is present in the Triassic Narrabeen Stage of the Hawkespury Series in New South Wales, and has been recorded, with some doubt, from the Ipswich Series of Queensland.
BY A. B. WALKOM, D.Sc. 65
Cladophlebis australis is of very widespread occurrence in Australia and New Zealand, as well as other parts of the world, in rocks of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous ages, and affords no indication of the exact horizon of the rocks in which it occurs.
Cladophlebis tasmanica and C. Johnstoni are so far only known from Tasmania.
Phlebopteris alethopteroides, described from rocks of the Walloon Series (Jurassic) in Queensland, was compared with the European Phlebopteris polypodioides, which is now placed in the genus Laccopteris. This latter genus is widely spread in Rhetic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous floras, but up to the present the Australian species has only been found in Jurassic rocks.
Thinnfeldia. The distribution of this genus in Australia is of interest. It has been pointed out that in Queensland there are no records of Thinnfeldia from the Walloon Series, all the known occurrences being in the Ipswich Series or its equivalents. In New South Wales, however, although Thinn- feldia is abundant in the Triassic floras, it is also present in the Talbragar beds in association with Txniopteris spatulata; these Talbragar beds are indicated to be of Jurassic age, both by their stratigraphical relations and by their fossil flora. In New Zealand, 7. Feistmanteli occurs in ? Rhetic and also in Middle Jurassic rocks; 7’. lancifolia and T. odontopteroides only in rocks of Rhetic age. In Tasmania there are five species of Thinnfeldia, four of which (Feistmanteli, odontop- teroides, lancifolia, and acuta) occur in the Ipswich Series of Queensland, or its equivalents (Rhetic, or a little older), and the fifth (cf. talbragarensis) is a species intermediate between Feistmanteli and lancifolia, which was described from the Jurassic Talbragar Beds.
The genus Johnstonia is not known outside of Tasmania, and the three species included in it cannot yet be used for purposes of correlation.
Linguifolium Lillieanwm is a species described by Arber from rocks of Rhztic and ? Lower Jurassic age in New Zea- land, but has not hitherto been recorded from Australia. © L. diemenense is only known from Tasmania.
Sphenopteris Morrisiana is also a species known only from Tasmania.
FE
66 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN MESOZOIC PLANTS,
The specimens compared with Pecopteris Hillz would, if
the comparison were certain, be of some value in correlating
-the Tasmanian strata with those of the mainland. Both
sterile and fertile fronds of P. Hillz have been described
from the Esk Series (equivalents of the Ipswich Series) in Queensland, of Upper Triassic age.
Texniopteris Morrisiana is only known from Tasmania; T. Carruthersi (= T. tasmanica, Johnston) occurs in the Ipswich and Esk Series in Queensland.
Species of Sagenopteris are not of common occurrence in Australia, and, so far, all the specimens have been referred to one species, and have been obtained from Jurassic rocks. The species S. moribunda from Tasmania may possibly be synonymous with S. rhoifolia of the mainland.
Chiropteris tasmanica appears to differ from C. lacerata, the only other species known from Australia or New Zealand, which occurs in the Rhetic Beds at Mount Potts, New Zea- land. ;
Pterophyllum Strahani and P. risdonensis are only known from Tasmania. P. (Anomozamites) inconstans is referred to a species which occurs widely in rocks of Rhetic age.
Sphenozamites Feistmantelii is only known from Tas- mania.
Ginkgoites digitata is a very widespread Jurassic species, and specimens referred to it have been obtained from the Ipswich and Esk Series in Queensland. A similar form is G. moltenensis from the Rhetic of South Africa.
Ginkgoites salisburioides cannot at present be correlated with any species occurring in other localities. The small rosette-shaped structures found in association with Baiera tenuifolia are similar to those described from the Ipswich Series in Queensland, and also from the Stormberg Beds in South Africa, as Stachyopitys annularioides.
Baiera bidens, a common Jurassic type, occurs in the Ipswich Series in Queensland, and B. australis, a similar form, is found in the Jurassic of Victoria.
The type of leaf described as Phewnicopsis elongatus is common in the Esk Series of Queensland, and also occurs in the Stormberg Beds of South Africa, both of Rhetic age. Similar leaves have been described from Rhetic rocks in South America.
BY A. B. WALKOM, D.Sc. 67
Of this list of thirty-three species there are seventeen which are known definitely to occur in other Mesozoic floras.
The following table indicates which of these seventeen — species are also found in other Australian Mesozoic floras:—
e |g 3 |F 41% a [2 eel) Pre mee ¢ |ae Sales 2 | AS .|3 | 5 Seed eat ay Ae we | g2|s& |) sg|Ce| se] oa pS icra | vet of | 8B | ae 8 beens g0| 22/28) 38) £2) 38) 95 ea | 22 | 25 |g3|25| 28 | ze as 5 | 3 3 Z >| Se )R2)/ ES] al) 462)45 ‘Neocalamites Carrerei x Phyllotheca australis x x Cladophlebis australis ve x x x x x Phlebopteris alethopteroides x Thinnfeldia Feistmanteli x x > x ? ” odontopteroides x x 7) lancifolia x x x ” acuta x » talbragarensis x Linguifolium Lillieanum x x Pecopteris Hillae x Taeniopteris Carruthersi x Pterophyllum inconstans Ginkgoites digitata x Baiera tenuifolia Se » bidens x Phoenicopsis clongatus x 3 13 5 2 3 3 1
This shows thirteen of the seventeen species to be com- mon to the Tasmanian flora, and that of the Ipswich and Esk Series of Queensland, and leaves no doubt that: there is a much closer relation between these two floras as at present known than between the Tasmanian and any other flora in Australia and New Zealand.
It is notable that the only species common to this Tas- manian flora and the Victorian Jurassic flora is Cladophlebis
australis, a species which is present in almost every Mesozoic flora known.
Perusal of the foregoing notes on the distribution of the species occurring in the Tasmanian Mesozoic flora gives strong support for the suggestion that the whole of the collections examined by me have been obtained from rocks of Upper
68 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN MESOZOIC PLANTS,
Triassic (Rhetic) age, and that these may be correlated as yegards their age with the Ipswich Series (and its equiva- lents, the Esk Series, and probably also the Lower portion of the Tiaro Series) of Queensland, and the Rhetic beds occur- ring at Mount Potts and the Clent Hills (Canterbury).
As stated in the first part of this paper, very many of the specimens examined have been without locality labels, and it now remains for someone with a knowledge of the field geology of the rocks from which these fossils were collected to identify as many of the specimens as possible lithologically. I feel sure that correct localities could be determined in this way for more than 90 per cent. of the specimens.
Until this has been accomplished, little further can be done in correlating the fossil collections from different dis- tricts with one another, and with those obtained from the various Mesozoic strata of Australia and New Zealand.
REVISION OF THE DETERMINATIONS OF R. M. JOHNSTON AND O. FEISTMANTEL.
In view of the long period which has elapsed since R. M. Johnston and O. Feistmantel described collections of Tas- manian plants, and of the many changes in nomenclature since those days, it is considered that the following revision of the names applied to thefr figured specimens will be of considerable value and interest to students of Tasmanian fossil floras. Only the figured specimens have been dealt with, as one can feel reasonably certain of identification in these cases, whereas there would be too much uncertainty attached to a similar treatment of those species which were described but not figured.
R. M. Johnston.
(Pap. Prop. ‘Roy. Soc. Tas., 1886.) Revised Nomenclature. 324d, ne .
1-1A Pterophyllum Strahani
2 Salisburia hobartensis
A-4A Sagenopteris calisburioides
5-5A Glossopteris moribunda Bed Fh
1 Alethopteris serratifolia 2 Neuropteris tasmaniensia
Pterophyllum Strahani.
? Baiera bidens. Ginkgoites salisburioides. Sagenopteris moribunda.
HULU Ul
Cladophlebis australis. ? Thinnfeldia lancifolia. —
IF ll
Pb Rp . 1 Cyclopteris australis = Ginkgoites digitata. 2 Baiera tenuifolia = Baiera tenuifolia. 8 Ginkgophyllum australis = 3 : 4 Neuropteris antipoda = ? Cladophlebis australis. 5 Odontopteris crispata = Pterophyllum (Anomozamites) in- ; ! constane. 6 Pterophyllum (2) dubia = ? Taeniopteris sp.
BY A. B.
Pi. 4.
1-2 Sphenozamites Feistmantelli
3 Taeniopteris tasmanica
4 Trichomanides Ettingshauseni
5 Thinnfeldia media 6 Thinnfeldia trilobita
R. M. Johnston.
Geology of Tasmania (1888).
Wa a hl
WALKOM, D.Sc.
Sphenozamites Feistmantelit. 2? Taeniopteris Carruthers. ?
? Thinnfeldia lancifolia. Johnstonia trilobita,
bd AD. 5 1 Pecopteris (Thinnfeldia) odonto- pteroides = T. lancifolia. 2 ” ” ” = T. lancifolia. 3 Thinnfeldia sp. = T. Feistmanteli. 4 Pecopteris (Thinnfeldia) odonto- ;
pteroides §-6 Alethopteris australis 7 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia 8 Alethopteris australis 9 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia
IEA TT ae el
T. lancifolia. Cladophlebis australis. T. odontopteroides. Cladophlebis australis. T. Feistmanteli.
10 Danaea Morriziana 2 11 Fruit of a conifer “¢ 12 Seed ‘ ? 18 Pecopteris caudata ? 14 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia T. odontopteroides. Pi. 26. : 1 Pecopteris caudata 2 Linguifolium diemenense, 2 + a0 2 Johnstonia coriacea. 3 Unnamed ?
4-5 Thinnfeldia superba
6 Pecopteris caudata
“7 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia 8 Pecopteris caudata
9 Rhacophyllum coriaceum 10-11 ? Phyllotheca
12 Thinnfeldia trilobita
. 13-14 ? Phyllotheca
T. lancifolia.
2 Thinnfeldia sp.
2 T. odontopteroides. 2 Johnstonia coriacea. Johnstonia coriacea. ? Baiera tenuifolia. Johnstonia trilobita. ? Baiera tenuifolia.
15 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia 2? T. odontopteroides. 16 Seed ef 17 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia ? 18 ? Phyllotheca 2? Baiera tenuifolia. 19 Cyclopteris australis :
19a Baiera tenuifolia 20 Pecopteris caudata 21 Thinnfeldia obtusifolia
2? T. odontopteroides. Thinnfeldia sp-
69
HUW ly TE TE HE Tt
22 cf. Glossopteris Browniana 2 Sagenopteris moribunda.
In his “Geology of Tasmania,” R. M. Johnston repeated the four plates from his paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for 1886 as follows:—Plates 1, 2,
i 8, and 4 = Plates 28, 23, Bip and 24 peepee, of the Geology of ‘Tasmania.
70 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN
R. M. Johnston.
(Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1893.)
Pl, 2., figs. 1-5. Pecopteris odontopteroides
(Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1894-5.)
Fig.
Neuropteris tasmaniensis Thinnfeldia Feistmantelli Pecopteris Buftoni Pecopteris caudata
Repe
5-7 Strzeleckia gangamopteroides
8 or tenuifolia
9 Cardiopteris tasmanica 10-13 Sphenopteris tasmanica 14-15 sy: Morrisiana 16 Thinnfeldia polymorpha 17 Gleichenia dubia
18 Thinnfeldia Buftoni
‘ O. Feistmantel. Uhlonosne Utvary v. Tasmanii, Prague. Legh Hes 3-5 Thinnfeldia odontopteroides 6 Alethopteris australis Pl. 8. *1 Sphenopteris elongata *2-4 Syhenopteris elongata *5 Thinnfeldia odontopteroides 6-10 Ah *11 ? (P. caudata, "RM.J.) *12 Thinnfeldia trilobita *13 Thinnfeldia saligna *14 Taeniopteris Carruthersi 15 Alethopteris australis *16-17 Glossopterig moribunda 18-18a Sagenopteris tasmanica. indy Ub *1-1la Sagenopteris salisburioides *2 Nilssonia polymorpha *3 Anomozamites inconstans 4 Podozamites clongatus
*5-6 Sphenozamites Feistmantelii
7 Otozamites Mandestohi *8 Fragment of leaf *9 Gingko australia lei 02 *1-2 Anomozamites strahani 74-5 Trichopitys, Johnstoni *6 Gingko Hobartensis
lI
HET (TE TEE EE TE et
Hl
TEAL TUE TE TE TE te a
HALLE LU
| HAD
MESOZOIC PLANTS,
Revised Nomenclature.
Thinnfeldia lancifolia.
? Thinnfeldia lancifolia. T. Feistmanteli. ? may be 1. lancifolia.
CELA Hi gusf olan diemenense Johnstonia coriacea.
mw
Cladophlebis tasmanica. S. Morrisiana.
2 °T. Feistmanteli,
2
? T. lancifolia.
Revised Nomenclature.
T. odontopteroides. Cladophlebis australis.
? coniferous branch.
? Baiera tenuifolia.
T. odontopteroides.
? ” % Johnstonia trilobita.
2? Linguifolium diemenense. Taeniopteris Carruthersi. Cladophlebis australis. Sagenopteris moribunda.
?
/ Ginkgoites salisburioides. ? Taeniopteris sp. Pterophyllum inconstans. Phoenicopsis elongatus. Sphenozamites Feistmantelii. tOtozamites Mandeslohi. ?
Ginkgoites digitata.
Pterophyllum Strahani. Baiera tenuifolia, ? Baiera bidens.
EEE
* Figures marked with an asterisk are exact or slightly modified reproductions of some of R. M. Johnston’s figures.
} Although I have examined a large number of specimens from we mania, I have seen no trace of any species similar to this.
BY A, B, WALKOM, D.Sc. val
DESCRIPTION OF AND NOTES ON SOME OF THE SPECIES. Thinnfeldia acuta, Walkom.
Qland. Geol. Survey, Pub. 257, 1917, p. 23, Pl. 3, fig. 4.
A single specimen of portion of a Thinnfeldia frond may be referred to this species. It has pinnules about 3.5 cm. long and 0.7 to 0.8 em. wide at the widest part, and which taper gradually to an acute tip. The species was described from the Ipswich Series in Queensland. j
Thinnfeldia sp. (cf. T. talbragarensis, Walkom).
A specimen similar to that figured by Johnston as T. polymorpha (Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1895 (1896), p. 62, fig. 16) may be compared with T. talbragarensis, a species occupying a position intermediate between 7. lancifolia and T. Feistmanteli, described from Talbragar, N.S.W. (Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S.W., Pal. No. 12, p. 9.)
Pecopteris sp. (? P. Hille, Walkom). (Plate IX., fig. 1.)
The specimen figured is one from Mount Nicholas, which shows little detail other than the form of the frond and a median vein in each ultimate segment. The general form and the size of the pinnz and pinnules suggest a comparison with the sterile fronds of Pecopteris (Asterotheca) Hillz described from Rhztic rocks in the Esk District of Queens- | land (see Mem. Q’land. Mus., viii., pt. 1, 1924, p. 82). A good specimen from the collection of the Geological Survey of New South Wales is figured on Plate IX., since no similar species has previously been figured from Tasmania.
Linguifolium Lillieanim, Arber. Geol. Surv. N.Z., Pal. Bull. No. 6, 1917, p. 38.
A number of leaves in a small collection of plants from Mount Nicholas agree very closely with this species, described originally by Arber from New Zealand. Arber’s description _ is:—“Leaves spathulate, up to 9 cm. or more in length, and “1,7-8 cm. across at their greatest width. Margins entire, “apex rounded, leaf gradually tapering to an elongate base; “midrib well marked, persisting to the apex. Lateral veins “arising at an acute angle to the midrib, arching upwards, “and then bending to the margin, once or twice forked, “about 1 mm. apart.”
Associated with these larger leaves are numerous smaller ones, which only appear to differ in size, and for the present may be regarded as belonging to the same species. These
‘ 72, NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN MESOZOIC PLANTS,
small examples are up to 6 cm. long and 0.5 cm. wide (though usually only 0.3 to 0.4 em. wide), with a prominent midrib and secondary veins making an angle of 25deg.-30deg. with the midrib. The secondary veins usually branch once, and at the margin are about 1 mm. apart. I have only observed them associated with the larger ones.
Sagenopteris moribunda (R. M. Johnston).
Glossopteris moribunda, R. M. Johnston, Pap. Proc. Roy. ' Soc. Tas., 1886 (1887), p. 169, Pl. IL, fig. 5; Feistmantel, Uhlonosne Utvary v. Tasmanii, 1890, p. 99, Pl. 8, f. 16 and 17.
The specimens referred to Glossopteris moribunda by Johnston were incomplete leaves, in which the anastomosing venation was the factor relied on for the reference to Glos- sopteris. The leaves would probably be more correctly placed in Sagenopteris, a Mesozoic genus with a similar type of venation. The network formed by the veins is somewhat more open than in the examples of Sagenopteris I have seen from Queensland, and probably the Tasmanian form is a different species. Feistmantel (1890, p. 99) suggested a reference to Sagenopteris, and for the present the best course would appear to be to keep the specific name proposed by Johnston, but to transfer it to the genus Sagenopteris.
Chiropteris tusmanica, n.sp. (Plate IX., fig. 2.)
Leaf fan-shaped, outer margin apparently lobed. Veins radiating from base, branching dichotomously, about 1 mm. apart; adjacent veins poining occasionally.
This single specimen could easily be taken, at first glance, for such a species as Ginkgoites antarctica, but closer examination shows that the veins occasionally anasto- mose, and there is some indication that the outer margin may be lobed, after the manner of some examples of G. digitata. The specimen is 3.5 cm. from base to outer margin, and about 3 cm. wide at its widest portion. It does not agree with Johnston’s Sagenopteris salisburioides (= Gink- goites salisburioides), and for the present may be placed in Chiropteris, a species of which has been described by Arber from rocks of Rheetic age in New Zealand. It is very similar to the fragment figured by Seward (Ann. 8.Af. Mus., iv., Pt. 1, p. 62, Pl. ix., fig. 4) as-Chiropteris cuneata from the Storm- berg Beds (Rhetic) of South Africa.
P. and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925. Plate IX,
(1) Pecopteris sp., from shales of Mt. Nicholas. (2) Chiropteris tasmanica, n.sp.
€:ROURN
ey > a ae a ee = i
BY A. B. WALKOM, D.Sc. 73
Pterophyllum (Anomozamites) inconstans (Braun.).
Odontopteris crispata, Johnston, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1886 (1887), p. 172, Pl. 3, fig. 5. Anomozamites incon- stans, Feistmantel, Uhlonosne Utvary v. Tas., 1890, p. 108, Piso shows?
The specimen placed by Johnston under Odontopteris crispata would seem to be more correctly placed under the division of Pterophyllum, in which the lamina is more or less’ continuous.
A somewhat similar type is Nilssonia elegans, Arber, described from rocks of Middle Jurassic age in New Zea- land.
Sphenozamites Feistmantelii, Johnston.
The examination of additional specimens has convinced me that the best place for the specimen which, in Part I. of this paper, I referred to ? Otozamites is in Sphenozamites, where Johnston placed it in 1886. Sphenozamites was origin- ally proposed as a subgenus of Otozamites for plants which agreed with this genus in venation and mode of attachment of the pinne, but in which the bases of the pinnz were not auriculate. The additional specimens, which were amongst a later consignment forwarded me by the Geological Survey of Tasmania, show that the venation is that of Otozamites, i.e., divergent and dichotomously branching, but that there is an absence of the characteristic lobe at the base of the pinna. It is difficult to determine the mode of attachment of the pinne to the rachis, but it does appear in places as if | the pinna partly overlaps the rachis and is attached to the upper surface. There is in general a notable contraction towards the base of the pinna; there is also in all the speci- mens a number of the spine-like extensions of the lamina which are well shown in the figures. These peculiar exten- sions are generally traversed by a single vein, which, in cases where the extension of the lamina is itself forked, branch so that a single branch vein goes into each segment.
? Czekanowskia sp.
Associated with Cladophlebis australis at Mount Nicholas are numerous long, narrow leaves, suggestive in part of Baiera tenuifolia, but differing in that they are traversed by a series of delicate parallel veins or striations, and differ- ing from that species also in an apparent absence of the branching which it commonly exhibits. Another suggestion
74 NOTES ON SOME TASMANIAN MESOZOIC PLANTS,
is that these may be leaves of an equisetaceous plant, e.g., Neocalamites Carrerei, which has numerous long, narrow leaves at each node of the stem. The presence of a number of parallel veins, if such they be, is against this.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
1. Pecopteris sp. (cf. P. Hille, Walkom) from the shales of Mount Nicholas.
2. Chiropteris tasmanica, n.sp. Diagram to show venation. ~
Note.—Since this paper was written Mr. P. B. Nye, Government Geologist of Tasmania, has pointed out that the fossil plants described have practically all been obtained from the Middle or Felspathic Sandstone Series, the classification of the Mesozoic Rocks known as “Trias-Jura” in Tasmania being as follows:
Upper Sandstone Series.
‘Middle or Felspathic Sandstone Series (up to 600 feet).
Lower or Ross Sandstone Series (up to 800 feet). A.B.W. 17th July, 1925.
15
STUDIES IN TASMANIAN MAMMALS, LIVING AND: EXTINCT.
No. XIII.
THE EARED SEALS OF TASMANIA. By H. H. Scott, Curator of Launceston Museum, and
CuivE Lorp, F.L.S., Director of Tasmanian Museum, Hobart.
(Read 10th August, 1925.)
The following notes upon the eared seals that inhabit the islands and rocks of our coasts are contributed with a view to putting upon record such data as have been accumu- lated from time to time, respecting these interesting members of our native fauna. It is, as we have urged elsewhere, essential that a comprehensive study of our seals should be immediately undertaken, but, pending this, it is thought ad- visable to collect under a common heading such notes as we have hitherto committed to Museum registers, cards, and note books.
Quite recently Professor Wood-Jones has aided the taxonomy of the question by the publication of an interesting monograph upon South Australian Hared Seals in general, and the total result of his researches is now available. The extensive synonymy of the subject is tabulated in handy form, and the animals themselves are classified under three species of the genus Arctocephalus.
For the seal believed to be the most common resident of our smaller islands, Professor Wood-Jones proposes the new specific name of doriferus, an animal found in South Aus- tralian waters also. He also states that Arctocephalus cinereus inhabits the Straits Islands, but he is rather doubt- ful if the New Zealand seal Arctocephalus fosteri comes into our waters, although reports claim its appearance there, and Mr. Le Souef has claimed recently the Straits seal as A. fosteri. It will then be manifest that upon an extreme pos- sibility no less than three species of eared seals may at times appear in Tasmanian waters, but, according to Professor Wood Jones, a single species covers most of the facts, the other two being more or less in the nature of “accidentals.”
76 STUDIES IN TASMANIAN MAMMALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT,
A considerable body of popular lore at our command supports the suggestion that allowing for sex, age, and seasonable variations, a single species will not cover all the facts, and thus again we urge the need for a systematic in- vestigation into the whole seal question.
OSTEOLOGY.
We are indebted to Professor Wood-Jones for skulls of the South Australian seal of his list—Arctocephalus cinereus —hbut of the several skulls of Tasmanian seals available to us, this skull does not appear in our collections, although as likely as not the animal does come into the Straits as the Professor suggests.
At the same time our really adult, that is aged, and super-ossified skulls, come from animals well over eight feet in length (the limit set for A. doriferus), and, although they agree better with that species than with A. cinereus of the list, they do not comply with the sagittal and nuchal crest characters, unless of course we take skulls of less than twelve years of age. Skulls of eight, nine, ten, and eleven years still show phases of crest development, and we very much doubt if any male seals of our coasts ever acquire a maximum, in this matter, at anything earlier than twelve years.
Having pooled the resources of both of our Museums upon the item of seals’ skulls, we find the following facts to obtain :—
A male of our eared seal, of at least twelve years of age, shows 2 sagittal.crest that extends forwards to the middle of the orbital processes of the frontals, a total length of 135 mm. Bifureating into a pair of V-shaped ridges, the super-ossification extends forwards until it involves the original maxillo-frontal sutures, which are buried beneath the bony overgrowth, as are practically all the sutures of the skull. This specimen was obtained at Cooee.
A male skull of 104 to 11 years of age obtained by the Launceston Marine Board (from our coasts) shows much sutural extinction, a true crest. of 90 mm., with a remaining incipient crest of 40 mm., and the bifurcating ridges well in evidence.
A male of 94 to 10 years of age, from North Bay, South Eastern Tasmania (Tas. Mus. No. D. 787), shows an in- dividual age variation, inasmuch as the crest is fairly well marked for 120 mm., but the secondary bifurcations are
BY. H. H. SCOTT AND CLIVE LORD, F.1L.S. U7
still unossified. In the cranial regions this skull shows much: super-ossification, but the maxillo-palatine sutures are all open. — :
In an 8 to 9 year-old male from Scamander (animal in the flesh measured over eight feet long) the sagittal crest is only 65 mm. long, all sutures are in evidence, and the ligamentum nucha was chiefly implanted into two well-marked fosse 25 mm. long. The cranial areas of the skull show mottled super-ossification, and the whole skull generally might —in the absence of other evidence—be regarded as a fair example of a mature skull, but any characters derived from the condition of the sagittal crest would be tentative only.
_ In a male of 5 years of age, believed to have come from Barren Joey, the characters of the male skull are well marked off from those of the female, but the crest is now only de- veloped as far forward as the parieto-frontal sutures, a matter of about 35 mm. in length. The texture of the skull is compact and an area of 35 x 25 mm. on either side of the crest is syndesmosially pitted and roughened. The fosse for the nucha are nearer the centre than obtains in the older skull, and are shallow and less extensive in other ways.
FEMALE SKULLS.
In a fully adult female skull from Bicheno, Eastern Tas- mania (Tas. Mus. D. 746), in which super-ossification has obliterated all the cranial sutures, ankylosed into a solid mass the whole of the hard palate and left no fenestrated bony tissue in evidence anywhere, the nuchal and sagittal crest conditions are as follows:—A long low sagittal crest is present, some 8 mm. in height and 90 mm. long, its foremost point of extension being 18 mm. behind the line of the left orbital process and 12 mm. behind the right process. Once seen, this female crest would never be mistaken for that of a young male, even if the calvarium of the skull alone were available. It is a well-formed solid, but low crest and its highest point is in the middle. The nasals in this skull extend backwards 6 mm. beyond the maxillo-frontal and sutures, and apparently this obtains in all the Tasmanian. crania at our disposal. This should be noted as it does not agree with Professor Wood-Jones’s determinative character for the species doriferus, of which he says—‘“Posterior ends “of the nasals nearly reaching posterior margins of the “superior maxilla” (loc. cit.). The fosse for the implanta- tion of the nuchz are well marked and extend for 25 mm.
78 STUDIES IN TASMANIAN MAMMALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT.
beneath the crest—they are grooves rather than pits, thus adding another age character to the skull. It is at present assumed by us that this skull is at least 8 years old, and that female skulls mature much faster than male skulls, as the animals do themselves, but in the absence of skulls from duly branded animals, our data are comparative only, the standard taken being that of Californian seals.
In a mutilated female skull from Tamar Heads, in which the sutures are all open, the squamosal and otocranial elements are movable, and although the parietals are pitted no true super-ossification has taken place, we get the ap- pended notes upon the crest. The total outline of the future crest is well indicated, its length being 85 mm. Its strongest » ossification is at the fronto-parietal sutures, which later in life would have been its highest point. Except for its lesser development, it duplicates the conditions of the maturer skull just passed in review, and is distinct from the method of development found in the young male skull, in which latter the crest slowly creeps forward with a stronger posterior elevation throughout the process.
RECAPITULATION.
It would appear, therefore, that our most common eared seal is rather larger than Professor Wood-Jones allowed for in the construction of his table of specific characters of Arctocephalus doriferus, that its nasal and crest osteological data do not quite agree, but these are minor matters in a way, and easy of emendation if a study of the living creatures we are so strongly urging does not show them to belong to another species. As no age standards for our eared seals founded upon branded animals exist, we have set up the best standard the circumstances permit of, and its application to the de- velopment of the males and female sagittal and nuchal crests, should be of interest in any case.
LITERATURE CITED.
1. The Eared Seals of South Australia. Rec. South Aus. Mus., Vol. 38, No. 1, June, 1925. By Frederick Wood-Jones, D.Sc., F.R.S.
2. Seals of the Challenger Expedition. By Sir William Turner, F.R.S. °
3. Fur Seals of Pribolof Islands, &c. Amer. Bur. of Fish- eries. June, 1915.
79
ON A SUPPOSED PHYLLOCARID FROM THE OLDER ; PALZOZOIC OF TASMANIA.
By F. CHAPMAN, A.L.S. (Communicated by Sir T. W. Edgeworth David.) Plate X. (Read 10th August, 1925.) DESCRIPTION. (?) Hurdia davidi, sp. nov.
Carapace (right valve), obovate, with a ventral prolonga- tion (probably somewhat distorted by pressure); with a rounded anterior and prolonged posterior extremity. Dorsal edge gently convex towards the anterior, more strongly so in the posterior region. Ventral border concave near the ab- dominal arch, becoming convex and distally obscurely ex- tended in the middle region, and meeting the concave margin anteriorly. Surface of carapace wrinkled with three or more undulatory folds, crossing obliquely from the upper anterior towards the lower posterior margin. Surface marked with coarse areolation. Dorsal margin crenulate to undulose, a character probably caused by the nde of the chitinous and inflated carapace.
DIMENSIONS. Length, cire. 5 em.
Height of carapace, excluding the ? ventral prolongation, 18 mm. :
Total length of carapace, circ. 27 mm.
OBSERVATIONS.
There is very little doubt as to the organic origin of this Specimen, as the wrinkling of the margin, referred to as the dorsal line, will show.
80 ON A SUPPOSED PHYLLOCARID.
A comparison was made with the genus Hymenocaris, but the general shape is too trigonal or not sufficiently oval for that generic type. The nearest genus to which we can refer this fossil, but with some reservation, is Hurdia, de- scribed by Dr. C. D. Walcott (1) from the Middle Cambrian | of Burgess County, British Columbia. In form the present specimen approaches more nearly to Hurdia triangulata (loe. cit.). An example of Hurdia victoria, Walcott, in the National Museum Coll. donated by the Smithsonian Institu- tion through the kind offices of Dr. Bassler, shows a similar wrinkling of the dorsal margin to that in the present specimen.
LOCALITY. Emu Bay Railway Line, 4 miles S. of Hatfield Plains, Tasmania. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1. Photograph of (?) Hurdia davidi, sp. nov. Magnified cire. 5, 3
Fig. 2. Hypothetical restoration of carapace.
Note.—Professor David reports that the railway cutting where the Phyllocarid was found is between 49.9 miles and 50% miles.
Dip 420 N.N.W. at 504 miles. Dip 450 E. at 49.9 miles, in black shales. At 49 miles, basalt of Hadfield Plains (edge of plains).
a!
(1.) Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. LVII., No. 6, 1912, p. 186, pl. XXXIL, fig. 9—Hurdia victoria, and pl. XXXIV., fig. 1—Hurdia triangulata.
P. and P. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1925. Plate X.
Figure 1.
‘ Figure 2.
Fig. 1. Photograph of (2?) Hurdia davidi, sp. nov. Magnified cire. RR Fig. 2. Hypothetical restoration of carapace.
=
“a sae Mm he 1
<a
81
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA.
By A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. (Read 12th October, 1925.) Fam. NYMPHALIDA. Subfam. SATYRINZ. | sf
Nesoxenica leprea, Hew.
In Mount Wellington examples the wing-markings are pale yellow, sometimes in the ¢ almost white, and the black subcostal bar at 1/3 is usually, but not always, separate from the basal dark patch; in those from Cradle Mountain and other localities of the north-west the coloration is brownish-orange, which becomes paler in worn examples, and the subcostal bar appears to be always confluent with the basal patch. These two races are at present distinguish- able, but this may not be so when the intermediate mountain areas have been collected over.
Though the larve probably, like those of other Satyr- inex, feed on grasses, this butterfly appears to be attached to the Tasmanian Beech (‘Myrtle’) (Fagus cunninghami). In Cradle Valley it was flying in abundance on the edges of the myrtle forest, and never far from it, whenever the day was fine. During cold and wet weather it might be beaten from the myrtle twigs, which were abundantly covered with a black and white lichen, with which its closed wings harmonised so perfectly that it was almost impossible to detect. This protective resembance appears to point to a close correlation, which has a very ancient origin.
Oreixenica lathoniella, Westw.
I recognise three local races of this species (latialis, W. & L., from Mt. Kosciusko, New South Wales, and laranda, W. & L., I regard as distinct species). They are (1) the typical race, which is confined to Tasmania, (2) the mainland race herceus, and (8) what appears to be a new race, for which I propose the name barnardi. This last was abundant
G
82 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
at Moina (2,000 ft.) on the Cradle Mountain Road, and a few were taken also in the Cradle Valley (3,000ft.). It is rather smaller than the other two. The upper surface of the wings resembles herceus rather closely. On the under- side the spots on the hindwings are a brighter white (almost silvery) than in herceus, and in this they resemble typical lathoniella, but they are considerably smaller and narrower than in the other two races, while the ground colour is darker. Oreixenica laranda, W. & L.
But a short distance separates the localities of laranda and lathoniella, and it is highly probable that they will be found to occur in the same localities. Laranda is a very distinct form, and I think the burden of proof should rest with those, who would consider it only a subspecies.
Oreixenica orichora, Meyr.
The Cradle Mountain form flynni differs from that taken on Mt. Kosciusko (1) in the apical ocellus being always double (in the latter it is very rarely so), (2) in the brown markings being less developed in proportion to the fuscous ground colour on the upper side, (3) in the whiter colour of the subterminal line of the forewings beneath, (4) in the spots on the underside of the hindwings being smaller and whiter, while the ground colour is darker, and (5) in the forewings being differently shaped, the apex more obtusely rounded, and the termen much more bowed. I should have attached more importance to the last difference, were it not that two specimens from Mt. Hotham, Victoria, received from Mr. Geo. Lyell, while agreeing with those from Mt. Kosciusko in other respects, are intermediate in shape of forewings. The Tasmanian form can, I think, be regarded only as a well-marked local race.
Arginnina hobartia, Westw.
The mainland species A. cyrila, W. & L., differs (1) in the ocelli being less developed, (2) in the basal spot of the forewings being confined to the cell, (3) in the shape of the forewings, which are notably longer, more produced, and narrower towards the apex, which is more sharply rounded, (4) in the presence in the ¢ of a cubital ridge of raised scales. I have placed these differences in the order of increasing importance. The last two are amply sufficient to indicate that cyrila is a distinct species, although closely allied.
BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 83
Fam. LARENTIADA.
Pecilasthena «xylocyma, Meyr.
Mount Wellington (2,500 ft.) and Russell Falls in Janu- ary; two 2 examples exactly corresponding to a @ from Nowra, near Jervis Bay, New South Wales. Unfortunately in the absence of the ¢ it is impossible to be certain that this is the same as Meyrick’s species, which was recorded from Albany, West Australia.
Pecilasthena xdea, n.sp. aidoos, modest.
6 Q. 24-28 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish; fillet whitish; face brown. Palpi 2/3; ochreous-whitish. Antenne ochreous-whitish; ciliations in ¢ minute. Abdo- men ochreous-whitish, with two or three pairs of fuscous dorsal dots. Legs fuscous; posterior pair ochreous- whitish. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, more strongly towards apex, apex round-pointed, termen slightly bowed, oblique; ochreous-whitish, with some minute dark- fuscous dots on veins, and numerous, fine, wavy, pale-fuscous transverse lines; median band ill-defined anteriorly, pos- teriorly defined by a band of three more or less fused lines, which are sometimes dark-fuscous on dorsum, outer edge from 4/5 costa to 2/3 dorsum, slightly bowed, and often marked by dark-fuscous dots or streaks on veins; a dark- fuscous discal dot in median band; two wavy subterminal lines enclosing an ochreous-whitish line; a series of elongate, interneural, dark-fuscous terminal dots; cilia ochreous- whitish. Hind-wings with termen rounded, slightly dentate, with a more prominent tooth on vein 4; as forewings, but without discal dot. | Underside ochreous-whitish.
May be distinguished from the preceding by the dif- ferent shape of hindwings; scoliota, Meyr., differs in the fuscous face and dots on thorax.
Russell Falls in January; Rosebery and Strahan in February; six specimens.
Microdes hemobaphes, n.sp. ainoBapns, blood-stained. Q. 23 mm. Head and thorax whitish mixed with fus- cous and a few reddish scales. Palpi very long (5); whitish mixed with fuscous. Antenne grey. Abdomen whitish,
mixed with grey and reddish on dorsum. Legs fuscous; tarsi annulated with whitish; posterior pair wholly whitish.
84 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa rather strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly bowed, slightly oblique; whitish rather extensively, but patchily suffused with reddish, and with fuscous irroration and markings; a small basal patch defined by a strongly curved transverse line; several indistinct transverse lines precede and follow this; a broad median band, darker and more reddish-suffused, containing a minute fuscous discal dot; antemedian line from 2 costa to 1/3 dorsum, outwardly curved, indented beneath costa and in middle, its posterior edge broadly suffused; postmedian from 2/3 costa, at first outwardly oblique, sharply angled above middle, thence wavy to dorsum about 2/3; jmmediately following it is a broad white line bisected by a fuscous line; some reddish suffusion in terminal area; a fine white dentate subterminal line; an interrupted fuscous terminal line; cilia whitish, barred with fuscous. Hind- wings with termen strongly rounded; grey-whitish; to- wards termen suffused with grey; a faintly indicated sub- terminal whitish line; cilia grey-whitish. Underside whitish; forewings grey towards termen, with whitish subterminal line; hindwings with fuscous discal dot and postmedian line.
Lake Fenton (3,500 ft.) in January; one specimen (W. B. Barnard).
Eccymatoge iopolia, n-sp. loro\wos, purple-grey.
é. Head purple-grey; fillet white; face fuscous. Palpi short (1), slender; fuscous. Antenne grey, becoming white towards base; ciliations in ¢ very short (4). Thorax purple-grey. Abdomen grey, with paired segmental dark- fuscous dots; crests and apices of segments white. Legs fuscous. Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight, slightly arched towards base and apex, apex pointed, termen bowed, oblique; whitish, densely suffused with purple-grey; lines fuscous; an undefined darker basal patch containing several obscure oblique lines; antemedian from 1/3 costa to 2/5 dorsum, crenulate, sometimes interrupted; closely fol- lowed by a fuscous discal dot; an irregularly dentate line from 2/3 costa to mid-dorsum; another irregularly dentate line, edged ‘posteriorly with whitish, from 5/6 costa to 2/3 dorsum, the space between this and previous line filled in with dark purple-grey; a slightly dentate fuscous subter- minal line, followed by a slender submarginal line; a ter- minal series of dark-fuscous lunules; cilia whitish, with an interrupted, grey, median line. Hindwings with termen
BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 85
rounded, slightly dentate; as forewings, but without basal patch, and markings less defined. Underside grey; markings very obscure. Cradle Mountain (8,000 ft.) in January; two speci- mens. Eucymatoge liometopa, n.sp.
Aetoperwrros, smooth-faced.
dé. 24-28 mm. Head fuscous; face with slight rounded ‘prominence, only slightly rough-scaled, without frontal tuft; blackish. Palpi 14; blackish. Antenne fuscous; in ¢ very shortly ciliated. Thorax and abdomen fuscous mixed with blackish. Legs fuscous; posterior pair fuscous-whitish. Forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen bowed, oblique, crenulate; brown-whitish, with indis- tinct, wavy, fuscous, transverse lines; an ill-defined darker basal patch; median band ill-defined anteriorly, edged pos- teriorly by a fuscous line, partly margined by a whitish line or by whitish dots on veins, containing several obscure fuscous lines and a blackish discal dot; a narrow brownish shade immediately follows median band 3 a very indistinct, whitish, wavy, subterminal line; a fuscous terminal line interrupted on veins; cilia fuscous. Hindwings with apex quadrangular on vein 7, an acute tooth on vein 6, a larger acute tooth on vein 4, and three small dentations between this and tornus, termen with a deep semicircular incision between veins 4 and 6; as forewings, but without basal patch and discal dot. Underside fuscous-grey, with no de- fined markings. ;
This obscure species is readily distinguishable by the form of frons and termen of hindwings. These peculiarities do not seem to me to justify generic separation.
Russell Falls, National Park, in January; four speci- mens. ? Horisme leucophanes.
Hydriomena leucophanes, Meyr., 1890, p. 856.
é 9. 34-38 mm. Head brownish-grey. Palpi in ¢ 23, in 2 8; fuscous. Antenne grey; ciliations in ¢ minute. Thorax brownish-grey; a small posterior dark-fuscous crest. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous; anterior pair darker. Fore- Wings elongate-triangular, costa nearly straight except to- wards apex, apex acute, termen bowed, strongly oblique, crenulate, dorsum slightly arched; grey-whitish with num- €rous, fine, wavy, fuscous or brownish, oblique lines; a broad,
86 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
oblique fuscous or brownish streak from 1/5 costa towards, but not reaching costa at 1/3; median band not defined anteriorly, but its central area free from lines, more or less whitish, and containing a blackish discal dot; in one example a suffused blackish spot in median band below middle; posterior edge of median band more or less defined by a fine dark-fuscous line from 5/6 costa, twice waved out- wards in disc, then inwardly oblique to 2/3 dorsum; lines immediately following, and sometimes those preceding, this are brownish; a short, oblique, pale, apical shade, edged be- neath with dark-fuscous; a dark-fuscous terminal line; cilia grey. Hindwings broad, termen only slightly rounded, den- tate; whitish, towards termen suffused with grey; several short grey lines from dorsum; a slender, fuscous, transverse line from 2/3 dorsum to beyond middle of disc; terminal line and cilia as forewings. Underside grey; markings very undefined, but a blackish discal dot on both wings.
Meyrick’s description is from a single example. The species is somewhat variable.
Lake Fenton, National Park (3,500 ft.), Deloraine, Rose- bery, Strahan. Also from Sale, Victoria.
Gen. EPIRRHOE. Epirrhoé, Hb., Verz., p. 328.
Face rough-scaled, usually with projecting tuft. Tongue well-developed. Palpi porrect or subascending, moderate, rough-scaled. Antenne in ¢ ciliated. Thorax and abdomen not crested. Thorax not hairy beneath. Posterior tibie, with two pairs of spurs. Forewings with areole simple. Hindwings with 5 from above middle of discocellulars.
Type E. rivata, Hb., from Europe. This genus is new to Australia. In my key (Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A. 1922, p. 229) it falls with Chextolopha, but in that genus the areole extends to 1/3 of the distance between cell and apex, ‘while in this it does not reach 4. The neuration of the hindwings also differs, and the genera are not in fact closely allied, the affinities of Epirrhoé being rather with Euphyia. It is also allied to the New Zealand genus Homodotis, Meyr. [subsequently merged by Meyrick with Asaphodes, but I think incorrectly], which has, however, pectinate ¢ antennz.
Epirrhoé eustropha, n.sp.
evatpopos, well-banded.
é. 28 mm. Head grey, with a few ochreous scales on crown. Palpi 2; grey, towards base whitish. Antenne
BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. ‘87
grey; in é slightly dentate, very shortly ciliated (4). Thorax grey, mixed with whitish-ochreous. Abdomen grey, irrorated with reddish; three pairs of obscure fuscous dots on dorsum; tuft fuscous. Legs fuscous, irrorated, and tarsi annulated with ochreous-whitish. Forewings triangular, costa mode- rately arched, apex pointed, termen bowed, oblique; whitish sparsely irrorated with brownish and a few fuscous scales; basal patch small, purple-grey, limited by a curved, trans- verse, fuscous, sub-basal line; median band also purple-grey, limited by fuscous lines, and containing two very slender fuscous lines, and a minute discal dot; antemedian line from 1/3 costa to 2/5 dorsum, slightly irregular, slightly out- wardly curved; postmedian from 2/8 costa to % dorsum, wavy, with slight, obtuse, median convexity; some darker suffusion towards apex and termen; a fuscous terminal line interrupted on veins; cilia grey, with a subapical whitish line. Hindwings with termen rounded; ochreous-whitish; a series of very faint, fuscous, transverse lines from dorsum, lost in disc; a fuscous terminal line; cilia whitish with an obscure grey median line. Underside ochreous-whitish, with fuscous suffusion, discal dot, and postmedian line on both wings.
Mt. Wellington (2,500 ft.), in January; one specimen.
Epirrhoé callima. Hydriomena callima, Turn., Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., 1908, p. 257.
Q. 26-28 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark-fuscous irrorated with pale-ochreous. Palpi 2%; pale-ochreous irro- rated with dark-fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous. Legs dark- fuscous, irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with pale-ochreous. Forewings triangular, costa arched near base, thence nearly straight, apex pointed, termen slightly bowed, slightly oblique; dark-fuscous, with white and brown transverse lines; a small dark basal patch edged by a slender, whitish, outwardly curved, transverse, sub-basal line; this is followed by a transverse brown band, bisected by a dark-fuscous line; median band broad, dark-fuscous, but somewhat paler in centre, containing a blackish discal dot, a blackish dot on midcosta, preceded by a crenulate transverse blackish line, and followed by two such lines, the second incomplete; ante- median from 1/3 costa to 1/3 dorsum, white, slender, broader on costa, acutely indented above and below middle; post- median from 2/3 costa to 4/5 dorsum, white, broad in upper
88 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
half, slender below, slightly indented beneath costa, with an obtuse, double, median prominence, between this and dorsum, finely crenulate, edged posteriorly by a slender blackish line, and this by a broader brown line, and this again by a blackish line; a short, slender, white streak from costa before apex; some white dots indicating a subterminal line; an interrupted blackish terminal line preceded by slight brown suffusion; cilia dark-fuscous barred with pale- ochreous. Hindwings with termen rounded; orange; suffused with fuscous at base; several short fuscous lines from dorsum; a broad dark-fuscous terminal band, interrupted in middle; cilia ochreous with small dark-fuscous bars.
Underside pale-ochreous; forewings with blackish post- median and terminal bands, the latter with a subterminal series of whitish dots; hindwings with four fine transverse blackish lines or series of dots, and whitish subterminal dots.
Cradle Mountain (3,000 ft.), in January; three speci- mens, The type is from Strahan.
Euphyia orthropis, Meyr. Mt. Wellington (2,500 ft.) and Cradle Mountain (3,000
ft.), in January; six specimens. These form a local race, which may be known as tasmanica, differing from the typical Mt. Kosciusko form in the forewings being fuscous, with scarcely any brownish tinge, postmedian line with usually a very slight bidentate median projection, and cilia with terminal half not or only very slightly barred with whitish.
Euphyia hilaodes, n.sp. idawdns, of cheerful appearance.
Q. 30-34 mm. Head fuscous, irrorated with pale-ochreous and crimson. Palpi 24; fuscous, some irroration, and lower edge towards base pale-ochreous. Thorax fuscous, mixed with brown. Abdomen brown; apices of segments whitish; paired dark-fuscous dorsal segmental spots. Legs fuscous, irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with pale-ochreous. Fore- wings broadly triangular, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen slightly bowed, slightly oblique, crenulate; pale-brown, median band darker brown; a moderate basal patch con- taining two darker transverse lines, limited by a slightly sinuate, fuscous, whitish-edged, transverse line; beyond this is a paler band containing a crenulate, fuscous, transverse line; median band moderate, in one example interrupted above dorsum, containing several similar fuscous lines and
BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 89
a subcostal discal dot before middle; antemedian from 1/3 costa to 1/3 dorsum, whitish edged posteriorly with fuscous, slightly indented beneath costa and below middle; _post- median from 2/3 costa to 2/3 dorsum, whitish, edged an- teriorly and posteriorly with fuscous, slightly waved out- wards beneath costa, with a slight or moderate, double- toothed, median projection; postmedian followed by a pale- brown (sometimes whitish), and this by a fine fuscous line; a finely crenulate, slender, whitish, subterminal line; a fuscous terminal line; cilia fuscous, bases and apices paler or whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded, crenulate; whitish, suffused more or less with pale-ochreous; numerous, short, fuscous, and whitish lines from dorsum; some fuscous suffusion towards base; terminal line and cilia as fore- wings. ' Near E. lamprotis, Meyr., but sufficiently distinct by the larger size, shorter palpi, crimson scales on head, indented antemedian line, projection of postmedian line less pro- nounced, and hindwings not orange.
Mt. Wellington (2,500 ft.), Russell Falls, and Moina (2,000 ft.), in January; Rosebery in February; six speci- mens, all 2, and three of them wasted, so that I evidently came late in their season.
Euphyia heterotropa, n.sp. éreporporos, of different sort.
é Q. 28-32 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, irrorated with whitish. Palpi 3; whitish, irrorated with fuscous; basal joint wholly whitish. Antennz fuscous; in ¢ simple, cilia- tions minute. Abdomen fuscous, mixed with orange. Legs fuscous. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen bowed, slightly oblique; brownish- fuscous; an outwardy-curved, slightly dentate, whitish, sub- basal, transverse line; a whitish antemedian line from 1/3 costa to 2/5 dorsum, outwardly-curved, acutely indented beneath costa and below middle; postmedian from 2/3 costa to 4/5 dorsum, whitish, at first transverse, then bent slightly inwards, then outwards to form a strong, median, obtuse projection, slightly bifid at apex, slightly incurved, and in- dented between this and dorsum; median band contains some obscure fuscous transverse lines and a discal dot; post- median succeeded by a narrow pale-brownish suffusion; a fine, crenulate, whitish, subterminal line, preceded by some suffused fuscous spots; an interrupted, dark-fuscous, ter- minal line; cilia fuscous, bases mixed with brownish. Hind-
90 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
wings with termen rounded, wavy; dull-orange, with dark- fuscous markings; fine transverse lines at 3, 1/3, middle, and slightly beyond middle, the last with an angular post- median projection; subterminal and submarginal series of spots, larger and sometimes partly confluent towards apex; terminal line and cilia as forewings. Underside pale- orange, with blackish lines and discal dot on both wings; subterminal of forewings ceasing abruptly above middle, and margined posteriorly by whitish dots.
Not near any other Australian species. In two speci- mens the areole is simple on one side only.
Moina (2,000 ft.) and Middlesex Plains (2,500 ft.), in January; six specimens.
Gen. APROSDOCETA, nov. ampocdoxynros, unexpected.
Face rough-scaled. Tongue present.. Palpi moderate, porrect, rough-scaled; terminal joint short. Antenne in ¢$ bipectinate to apex, pectinations long, one pair to each seg- ment. Thorax and abdomen not crested. Thorax not hairy beneath. Posterior tibie, with two pairs of spurs. Fore- wings with outer wall of areole not developed, in ¢ 5 and 6 stalked from near upper angle of cell, 7 free, in 2 5 from slightly above middle of cell, 6 and 7 stalked from angle, in both 8, 9, 10, 11 stalked. Hindwings with discocellulars sometimes bent, 5 from junction of upper and middle thirds above bend. Type A. chytrodes.
Iam unable to suggest any explanation for the extra- ordinary difference in the neuration of the two sexes. That _ of the 2 is nearly the same as in Acodia.
Aprosdoceta orina, n.sp. épewos, of the mountain.
é. 42 mm. Head fuscous, irrorated with whitish-brown. Palpi 24; fuscous; basal and apical joints whitish. Anten- ne fuscous; pectinations in ¢ 10. Thorax fuscous. Abdo- men brown-whitish, with slight irroration and two or three pairs of dorsal dots fuscous. Legs fuscous; posterior pair whitish, with a few fuscous scales. Forewings triangular, costa very slightly arched, apex pointed, termen longer than dorsum, bowed, strongly oblique; whitish, with fuscous irroration and markings; numerous fine transverse lines; one sub-basal and two near base represent the basal patch; antemedian from 3% costa to 1/3 dorsum, dentate in dorsal
BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. i OL
half; postmedian from % costa to 4/5 dorsum, with an acute: posterior tooth beneath costa, a median projection bearing two acute teeth, thence strongly inwardly curved, curved outwards again to dorsum; median area contains a discal dot before middle, and some fine obscure transverse lines; two fine crenulate lines between postmedian and termen; cilia whitish. Hindwings elongate, apex prominent, rounded, ter- men very slightly rounded, wavy; whitish, with obscure indi- cations of short transverse lines from dorsum; cilia whitish. Underside of forewings similar, but markings suffused and indistinct, of hindwings with fuscous discal dot, antemedian, median, and postmedian lines, the last dentate.
Lake Fenton (3,500 ft.), in January; one specimen, rather worn.
Aprosdoceta chytrodes, n.sp. _ XuTpwins, earthen.
dé 9. 38-44 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, mixed with brown and fuscous. Palpi of $ 2, of 9 24; fus- cous; inferior surface and apex ochreous-whitish. Antenne grey; pectinations in ¢ 12. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, in Q irrorated with brown, with several median dorsal fuscous spots. Legs ochreous-whitish, irrorated with fuscous; an- terior pair fuscous; anterior tarsi annulated with ochreous- whitish. Forewings broadly triangular, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen bowed, oblique, crenulate; whitish-brown with numerous fine, fuscous, wavy, trans- verse lines; a small basal patch extending twice as far on costa as on dorsum, darker, containing several fuscous lines; two fine fuscous lines precede median band; median band darker-brown, containing two anterior and three posterior suffused fuscous lines, and a fuscous discal dot before middle; antemedian line from 3 costa to 1/3 dorsum, indented beneath costa, thence wavy; postmedian from #% costa to 2/8 dorsum, wavy, with slight, double, median prominence; this is fol- lowed by a whitish line; four fuscous posterior lines; sub- terminal whitish, crenulate, very indistinct; a broad, pale, oblique streak from apex, suffusedly margined with fuscous; an interrupted, fuscous, terminal line; cilia ochreous-whitish, apices fuscous. Hindwings with apex and tornus subrect- angular, termen only slightly rounded, dentate; ochreous- whitish, with many wavy transverse lines, most developed towards dorsum; cilia as forewings. Underside of both wings ochreous-whitish, with wavy, transverse, fuscous lines, and an antemedian dark-fuscous discal dot.
92 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
Lake Fenton (3,500 ft.), in January; six specimens (W. B. Barnard). f
Gen. AcopIA, Rosen.
Face with anterior cone of scales. Palpi moderate, por- rect, rough-scaled. Antenne of g bipectinate almost to apex. Abdomen with a slight dorsal crest on third segment. Posterior tibiz with two pairs of spurs. Forewings without areole, 6 and 7 approximated, connate, or stalked, 8, 9, 10, 11 stalked. Hindwings with discocellulars only slightly bent, 5 from junction of upper and middle thirds.
The absence of the areole is due to non-development of its outer wall. I am now of opinion that this genus should be maintained. Out of a series of nine examples, including both sexes, I find no deviation from the neuration described; examples with the areole developed are apparently excep- tional.
Xanthorhoé pyrrhobaphes, n.sp.
uppoSagns, suffused with red.
@. 34 mm. Head and thorax reddish-brown. Palpi 24;
.fuscous, mixed with brown; at base ochreous-whitish. An-
tenne grey; ciliations in ¢ 10. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, with paired, dorsal, reddish-fuscous spots. Legs dark-fus- cous; tarsi annulated with whitish; posterior pair ochreous- whitish. Forewings broadly triangular, costa slightly arched, more strongly towards apex, apex subrectangular, termen slightly bowed, slightly oblique; very pale reddish, with minute dark-fuscous dots on veins; costal edge rather deeper red; a basal patch, consisting of three or four reddish-fus- cous transverse lines; median band moderately broad on costa. much narrower below middle; a blackish median discal dot; anterior edge of median band slightly outwardly curved, formed of two fine, wavy, fuscous lines, the intervening space filled in with red above middle and on dorsum; pos- terior edge of three such lines, filled in with red on upper third, there angled; subterminal indicated by a darker crenu- late shade; a terminal series of paired fuscous dots; cilia fuscous, apices pale-reddish. Hindwings with termen rounded; grey-whitish, with several fine fuscous lines from costa; terminal dots and cilia as forewings. Underside of ‘both wings pale-reddish, with fuscous discal dot, and inter- rupted postmedian line.
A second example is differently coloured, being uniformly grey, with reddish suffusion only on basal patch, median ‘band, and to a less extent on costa and termen of forewing.
BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., ¥.E.S. 93:
The species is therefore variable. Any possible confusion with pauper, Rosen., may be avoided by noticing the different. form of wing margins.
Moina (2,000 ft.), in January; two specimens (W. B. Barnard).
Xanthorhoé amblychroa, n.sp. &uPduxpoos, dull-coloured.
é. 26-28 mm. Head and thorax whitish-brown, irrorated. with fuscous. Palpi 23; brown-whitish, irrorated with fus- cous. Antenne fuscous; pectinations in ¢ 6, apical 1/3 simple. Abdomen brown-whitish, irrorated with fuscous. Legs fuscous, irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with brown- whitish; posterior pair mostly brown-whitish. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa nearly straight, apex pointed, ter- men nearly straight, oblique; brown-whitish, with fuscous irroration and markings; a number of short, fuscous, costal strigule, some of which give rise to transverse lines, three suffused sub-basal lines; antemedian from 2/5 costa to 2/5 dorsum, slightly dentate, obscure; postmedian from # costa to. 2 dorsum, better defined white-edged posteriorly, wavy, with an obtuse median projection, thence inwardly curved to dor- sum; median area contains an obscure discal dot, and below this a small brownish mark; a very slender, wavy, white, subterminal line; an interrupted, blackish, terminal line; cilia whitish, mixed with brownish-fuscous. Hindwings with termen rounded, wavy; whitish-grey; a fuscous discal dot at 1/3; obscurely darker postmedian and subterminal trans- verse lines; terminal] line and cilia as forewings. Underside. similar, but markings on hindwings better defined.
Hobart, in December; two specimens received from Mr. ’R. A. Black.
Xanthorhoé bituminea, n.sp. bitumineus, like asphalt.
9. 30 mm. Head, thorax, and antennez fuscous. Palpi 23; fuscous. Abdomen fuscous; obscurely darker, paired, dorsal dots separated by median brownish dots. Legs fus- cous; tarsi annulated with whitish. Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight to shortly before apex, apex acute, ter- men sinuate, oblique; fuscous, obscurely marked with slender, wavy, dark-fuscous, obliquely transverse lines; no defined basal patch; median band hardly darker; antemedian line hardly distinguishable; postmedian defined by a very slight, whitish posterior margin, from 5/6 costa to 4/5 dorsum; subterminal line obsolete; cilia fuscous. Hindwings with
94 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
termen only slightly rounded, crenulate; grey; with several very slender, obscure, short, transverse lines from dorsum; a darker terminal line; cilia grey, apices paler. Underside fuscous; markings on forewing ill-defined; hindwings with blackish discal dot at 1/3, and ‘three slender, curved, trans- verse, dark lines at and beyond middle.
My second example is a well-marked aberration, differing as follows:—Thorax suffused with brown. Forewings with brown antemedian and postmedian bands, the latter bifur- cating near costa, its outer branch running to apex.
Though the ¢ is unknown, I think this species is allied to centroneura, Meyr., and epia, Turn. ,
Rosebery, in February; two specimens.
Gen. ACALYPHES, nov. dxodugns, uncovered, open.
Face rough-scaled. Tongue strong. Palpi moderate, porrect, hairy. Antenne of ¢ thickened, simple, ciliations imperceptible. Thorax with a small posterior crest; hairy beneath. Abdomen without crests. Coxe and femora hairy. Posterior tibize with two pairs of spurs. Forewings without areole, 5 from middle of cell, 6 from upper angle, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked from -before angle, 11 free. Hindwings with cell very long (%), 5 from middle of cell, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked.
One of the Dasywris group. The anomalous neuration can be explained by the non-development of the costal wall of the areole (disconnecting veins 10 and 11), leaving the areole open. I do not know any other instance in which this occurs. :
Acalyphes philorites, n.sp.
gihopirns, A Mountaineer.
é Q. 22-24 mm. Head and thorax dark-fuscous, with some white irroration. Palpi 2; dark-fuscous, mixed with white. Antenne dark-fuscous. Abdomen and legs fuscous, irrorated with ochreous-whitish. Forewings triangular, costa arched near base, thence nearly straight, apex rounded- rectangular, termen slightly bowed, scarcely oblique; fuscous with some whitish suffusion in disc; an ill-defined whitish sub-basal spot; a dark-fuscous, somewhat dentate, trans- verse line from 1/3 costa to 2/5 dorsum, suffusedly margined with white, preceded by a dark-fuscous subdorsal spot; a median transverse line, angulated outwards in middle, some-
BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 95
times indistinct; a dark-fuscous line from 2/3 costa to dor- ‘sum before tornus, irregularly dentate, with a strong median posterior tooth, edged posteriorly by a broad white line, much narrowed on median prominence; dark-fuscous suffused spots follow this above middle and above tornus; an inter- rupted dark-fuscous terminal line; cilia fuscous, bases sometimes whitish. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded; fuscous; disc in @ suffused with whitish-ochreous; a white or whitish-ochreous, strongly marked, postmedian line, strongly angled posteriorly in middle, and again at tornus; cilia fuscous.
Cradle Mountain (3,000 ft.), in January; two specimens (W. B. Barnard).
Dasysternica bertha, n.sp. Epirrhoé bertha, Swin., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 648.
Dasysternica crypsiphena, Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1922, p. 257.
é ¢. 25-29 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and palpi dark- fuscous, with some whitish irroration; palpi 3, clothed with long rough hairs. Antenne dark-fuscous; in ¢ slightly ser- rate and shortly ciliated (2/3). Legs dark-fuscous, irrorated, and tarsi annulated with whitish. Forewings triangular, costa very slightly arched, apex pointed, termen bowed, oblique; whitish, densely irrorated with fuscous, sometimes with scattered patches of brownish, and marked with dark- fuscous, more or less crenulate, transverse lines, which are more distinct in 9; three or four suffused lines before ante- median; antemedian from 1/3 costa to 2/5 dorsum, slightly outwardly curved, slightly dentate; two or three lines in median band, whose centre is paler and contains a subcostal, antemedian, blackish, discal dot; postmedian from 2/3 costa to 4/5 dorsum, dentate, with a small subcostal and a mode- rate, double, median projection; this is followed by a nar- row whitish line, more or less suffused; dark-fuscous sub- terminal and terminal lines, the latter interrupted; cilia fus- cous, apices barred with whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded; dark-grey; slightly darker transverse lines, edged posteriorly with whitish, about 1/3, middle, and 2/3; the last of these is followed by a distinct whitish line, which is sometimes double; terminal line and cilia as forewings. Underside of both wings fuscous-whitish, with three dark- fuscous, crenulate, transverse lines, and a dark-fuscous sub- terminal shade.
96 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
The brown markings on the forewings vary much, and may be altogether absent. I have therefore redescribed the species. Some difficulty may arise as to its generic position. Of 9 male examples examined 5 have the areole simple on both sides, 2 simple on one side, double on the other, 2 double on both sides; of 10 female examples 9 have it simple on both sides, one simple on one side only. That is to say, of 88 wings 31 (81.6%) are simple, 7 (18.4%) double. This form of structural variation is ex- ceptional.
Mt. Wellington (3,500-4,000 ft.); Lake Fenton (3,500 ft.) ; Cradle Mountain (3,000 ft.) ; in January; common.
Fam. BOARMIADA.
Bearmia epiphlea, n.sp. émiphovos, ON bark.
é 9. 44-50 mm. Head grey; face dark-fuscous, with two whitish-ochreous transverse lines, above middle and on lower edge. Palpi 14; ochreous-whitish; terminal joint fus- cous. Antenne fuscous; ciliations in ¢ 12, extreme apex simple. Thorax pale-grey, with a blackish transverse line near anterior end. Abdomen pale-grey; sometimes fuscous spots on dorsum of second and third segments. Legs grey; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight, apex pointed, termen very slightly bowed, oblique, crenulate; 10 and 11 long-stalked, 10 connected with 9 (36, 32); pale-grey; costa strigulated with fuscous; a slender blackish line from base, beneath and parallel to costa, not reaching middle; two very slender fuscous lines from dor- sum near base and at 4, strongly outwardly oblique, lost in disc; a blackish line from termen beneath apex to mid- dorsum, strongly waved, sometimes thickened; terminal area beyond this is darker grey; a short, slender, blackish, oblique streak from costa before apex; a slender, whitish, finely- waved subterminal line, its posterior edge sometimes with blackish dots, which may be connected by fine streaks be- tween veins with a blackish terminal line; cilia grey, apices paler. Hindwings with termen straight, dentate towards apex, wavy towards tornus, which is rectangular; ag fore- wings, but lines transverse, including a single, complete, antemedian line. Underside grey, with fuscous discal dots, and postmedian line of dots, sometimes indistinct.
' BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 97
Readily distinguished from B. lyciaria by the differently shaped hindwings and absence of yellowish colouring’ be- neath.
Moina (2,000 ft.), in January; Strahan, in February; six specimens.
Boarmia epiconia, n.sp. éxixovtos, covered with dust.
é 9. 36-40 mm. Head whitish; face dark-fuscous, upper and lower edge whitish. Palpi 1; ochreous-whitish, towards apex fuscous. Antennz grey; pectinations in 3 3, extreme apex simple. Thorax whitish, with a few fuscous scales. Abdomen whitish; some fuscous irroration, and paired, fus- cous, dorsal dots on third and fourth segments. Legs fus- cous; tarsi annulated with ochreous-whitish; posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex rather sharply pointed, termen bowed, oblique; 10 and. 11 long-stalked, free (1 $), their common stalk connected with 12 (1 9); whitish with moderate fuscous irroration and fuscous lines; costa finely strigulated with fuscous 3; an elongate dot beneath costa at 1/3, and a median discal dot
fuscous; lines strongly oblique; a very slender interrupted line from dorsum near base to about middle; sometimes a similar line beyond and parallel to this; a dark-fuscous, more distinct, interrupted line from mid-dorsum, not reaching costa; this is closely followed by a suffused, somewhat den- tate, fuscous line; a whitish crenulate or dentate subter- minal line; a terminal series of dark-fuscous dots between veins; cilia whitish. Hindwings with termen slightly rounded, wavy; as forewings, but lines transverse and com- plete. Underside pale-grey, with faint discal dot and post- median line on both wings. ; :
Mt. Wellington (3,000 ft.), in January; two specimens (W. B. Barnard). ‘ } :
Boarmia proschora, n.sp. Tposxwpos, adjacent.
6. 35 mm. Head whitish; face dark-fuscous, upper and lower edge whitish. Palpi 1; whitish, towards apex fus- cous. Antenne grey; pectinations in $ 2, extreme apex simple. Thorax whitish with two pairs of fuscous spots. Abdomen whitish, with slight fuscous irroration, and paired, fuscous, dorsal dots on third and fourth segments. Legs fuscous; tarsi annulated with whitish; posterior pair whitish. Forewings rather narrowly triangular, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen bowed, strongly oblique, crenu-
H
98 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
late; 10 and 11 long-stalked, free (1 ¢); whitish with fus- cous irroration, costal strigulation, and lines; antemedian line from a spot on 1/3 costa, dentate beneath costa, thence strongly oblique to near base of dorsum; a median, fuscous, discal dot; a very slender sinuate median line; postmedian from a spot on 2/3 costa, dentate beneath costa, thence strongly oblique to mid-dorsum; a faint, whitish, crenulate, subterminal line; a terminal series of fuscous dots between veins; cilia whitish, a fuscous bar beneath apex. Hindwings with termen slightly rounded, crenulate; as forewings, but lines transverse; postmedian finely dentate; subterminal edged anteriorly by a fuscous line. Underside pale-grey, with fuscous discal dots on both wings.
Very similar to the preceding, but recognisable by: the shorter antennal pectinations, forewings narrower, less acute at apex, termen crenulate, lines more complete, ending on costal spots.
Zeehan in February; one specimen,
Boarmia atycta, n.sp. ‘arukros, unfinished.
Q. 46 mm. Head grey-whitish; face with a few fuscous . ‘scales only. Palpi 13; white, towards apex mixed with fus- cous. Antenne fuscous. Thorax and abdomen whitish mixed with dark-fuscous. Legs fuscous; tarsi with whitish annu- lations; posterior pair mostly whitish. Forewings triangular, costa nearly straight, apex subrectangular, termen bowed, slightly oblique, wavy; 10 and 11 very long-stalked, 10 con- nected or anastomosing with 9 (1 9); whitish, irrorated throughout, and costa strigulated, with dark-fuscous; mark- ings grey,-nearly obsolete; a suffused, outwardly curved, dentate, sub-basal, transverse line; a dark-fuscous discal dot before middle; a broadly suffused postmedian line from ? costa to 2/3 dorsum, containing some dark-fuscous streaks on veins; traces of a dentate, whitish, subterminal line; a terminal series of dark-fuscous interneural dots, somewhat prolonged inwards; cilia whitish, with some fuscous scales. Hindwings with termen rounded; crenulate; as forewings, but without sub-basal line; discal dot at 1/3; postmedian line double, but only distinct towards dorsum. Underside pale-grey, with fuscous irroration and discal dot on both wings.
A moderately large but very obscure species.
Lake Fenton (3,500 ft.), in January; one specimen (W. B. Barnard),
BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 99
Syneora symphonica, n.sp. supdertxos, harmonious.
g 2. 82-38 mm. Head grey; fillet darker; face promi- nent. Palpi in ¢ 14, in 2 2; whitish, towards apex mixed with grey. Antenne grey; pectinations in ¢ 8, apical 1/5 simple. Thorax grey. Abdomen grey-whitish, with a few dark-fuscous scales. Legs fuscous; tarsi with whitish annu- lations; posterior pair mostly whitish. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly bow- ed, slightly oblique, slightly wavy; 10 and 11 separate, con- nate or short-stalked, 11 usually anastomosing or connected by a bar with 12, occasionally 11 apparently out of 12; grey- whitish, at base, terminal area, and beyond antemedian line slightly darker, with sparse dark-fuscous irroration; a mode- rate basal patch partly defined by a very fine dark-fuscous line} antemedian from midcosta to 2/5 dorsum, slender, fus- cous, nearly straight; a fuscous, median, discal dot; second line similar, from 4/5 costa, doubly sinuate, bent strongly inwards above dorsum to end on mid-dorsum, very fine to- wards dorsum, somewhat thickened in middle, edged an- teriorly throughout by a whitish line; a terminal series of small interneural dots; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded; whitish, towards dorsum and termen irro- rated with fuscous; several short fuscous transverse lines from dorsum, lost in disc; a discal dot before middle; cilia grey-whitish. Underside whitish finely strigulated with fus- cous; a discal dot on both wings.
Within the limits indicated above, 10 and 11 of fore- Wings are excessively variable, so much go that of nine
specimens examined in only one was thé neuration the same on both sides.
Beaconsfield, in February; Moina (2,000 ft.), in January; Rosebery, in February; nine specimens (W. B. Barnard).
Cleora nesiotis, n.sp. vyciwris, an islander.
9. 40 mm. Head and thorax whitish-grey; face fuscous, lower edge whitish. [Palpi missing.] Antenne pale-grey; in @ very shortly bipectinate (4), apical 4 simple. Abdomen and legs whitish-grey, with a few fuscous scales. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa straight, apex pointed, termen bowed, oblique, crenulate; 10 and 11 separate and free; whitish-grey with a few fuscous scales; markings fuscous; 4 slender, incomplete, curved line from 1/6 costa to dorsum
100 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
near base; a discal dot beneath midcosta; a sinuate line, from 3/5 costa to mid-dorsum, with an acute posterior tooth above middle, angled inwards above dorsum; a line from costa be- fore apex, at first very obliquely inwards, then bent to form an acute posterior tooth, after that it runs inwards to become closely applied and parallel to the preceding line from be- neath tooth to dorsum; an indistinct, whitish, crenulate, sub- terminal line; an interrupted terminal line thickened between veins; cilia whitish with an interrupted, fuscous antemedian | line. Hindwings with termen nearly straight, strongly den- tate; as forewings, but without distinct lines, terminal line more uniform, cilia with a fuscous dot opposite each den- tation. Underside more densely irrorated with fuscous; forewings with a single postmedian line; an incomplete, sub- terminal, fuscous band, in forewings not reaching costa, but forming a subcostal blotch, in hindwing forming a costal blotch.
Not near any Australian, but perhaps distantly related to some of the New Zealand species.
Rosebery in February; one specimen.
Lyelliana pristina, n.sp.
pristinus, primitive.
¢. 32-33 mm. Head whitish. Palpi 2; fuscous, at base and apex whitish. Antenne grey; in ¢ with short pecti- hations (14) extending to apex. Thorax whitish; apex of shoulder-flaps fuscous. Abdomen whitish. Legs fuscous; tibiz and tarsi annulated with whitish; posterior pair mostly whitish. Forewings rather narrowly triangular, costa strongly arched from base to middle, thence straight, apex rounded-rectangular, termen slightly bowed, slightly oblique; 9 connected with 10 soon after its separation, 10 out of stalk of 7, 8, 9, 11 from cell, free; whitish suffused and irrorated with fuscous; a dark fuscous line from near base of costa not reaching middle; a suffused fuscous line from 4 costa, at first outwardly oblique, angled inwards in middle, thence slender and inwardly oblique to 1/8 dorsum 1 a similar line from 3/8 costa, very oblique to beyond middle of disc, where it is angled inwards and continued as a series of dots to mid-dorsum; a line of dark fuscous dots froni 2/3 costa to 2/3 dorsum, at first outwardly curved, sinuate, each dot is edged posteriorly by a whitish dot, above middle they are replaced by short longitudinal streaks between this and previous line; a dentate, whitish, subterminal line;
BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S, 101
followed by some longitudinal, fuscous, interneural streaks; eilia grey barred with fuscous, apices, whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded; pale-grey; a transverse, interrupted, fuscous postmedian line; an indistinct whitish subterminal line; cilia grey-whitish with incomplete fuscous bars. Under- side grey-whitish; fuscous discal dots and postmedian dotted lines on both wings.
Gradle Mountain (3,000 ft.), in January; two speci- mens.
Amelora crenulata, n.sp.
erenulatus, scalloped.
g 92. 80-36 mm. Head and thorax grey, sometimes brownish-tinged; face not projecting, with sparse rough hairs, which may form a slight tuft at inferior margin. Palpi in d 13, in 9 3; fuscous. Antenne grey or brownish; pectinations in ¢ 6. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous; tarsi annulated with whitish-ochreous; posterior pair grey. Fore- wings broadly triangular, costa moderately arched, more strongly so near base, apex rounded-rectangular, termen bowed, slightly oblique, crenulate; grey, sometimes brownish- tinged, with a few scattered blackish scales; an outwardly- curved line of blackish dots from 1/5 costa to 4 dorsum, a blackish discal dot beneath mideosta; a subterminal line of angular blackish dots, slightly bisinuate, sometimes with whitish dots at their posterior ends, and in one example with these linked by a very fine, whitish, dentate line; cilia concolorous. Hindwings with termen slightly rounded, crenu- late; pale-grey; sometimes a grey discal dot and subterminal line of dots; cilia grey. Underside similar, but markings less distinct on forewings, more distinct on hindwings.
The slight frontal tuft is easily denuded. Specimens from Russell Falls differ in being brownish-tinged, but are otherwise similar. The length of palpi is expressed in terms of breadth of eye, and this is smaller in the 9.
Mt. Wellington (2,500 ft.), Russell Falls, Cradle Moun- tain (3,000 ft.); common in January. I have also an ex- ample from Mt. Kosciusko (5,000 ft.), New South Wales, in January.
Amelora suffusa, n.sp. suffusus, blurred. ;
$ 9. 86-45 mm. Head and thorax pale-grey; face with a strong rounded projection, smooth except at lower edge, where are some rough scales, no definite tuft; upper
102 NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN TASMANIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
part of face sometimes fuscous. Palpi $ 2, 2 24 to 3; grey-whitish with a very few fuscous scales. Antenne pale- grey; pectinations in ¢ 5. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs grey- whitish with some fuscous irroration, more on anterior, less on posterior pair. Forewings triangular, costa arched near base, thence straight, apex rather sharply pointed, termen bowed, oblique, sinuate; grey, sometimes ochreous-tinted,. with slight fuscous irroration; markings fuscous, suffused; a rather broad, outwardly-curved, slightly dentate line from 4 costa to 1/3 dorsum; a suffused discal spot beneath mid- costa; a broad, acutely dentate, nearly straight line from 5/6 costa to 2/3 dorsum; cilia grey. Hindwings with termen gently rounded, wavy; pale-grey; cilia pale-grey. Underside pale-grey; forewings with a pale-fuscous discal spot; hind- wings with a conspicuous discal spot and general sparse irro- ration dark-fuscous.
In one example the whole median area of forewing be- tween the lines is suffused with fuscous.
Mt. Wellington (G. H. Hardy) and Lake Fenton (3,500. ft.), in January; eight specimens.
Amelora cyclocentra, n.sp. xuxAoxevtpos, With central circle.
3g. 28-30 mm. Head grey-whitish; face without definite tuft. Palpi 2; grey. Antenne grey-whitish; pectinations in é 8. Thorax and abdomen grey-whitish with a few dark- fuscous scales. Legs fuscous; tarsi annulated with whitish; posterior pair mostly whitish; posterior tibie of ¢ dilated with internal groove and tuft. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex rectangular, termen slightly bowed, slightly oblique, wavy; pale-grey, sometimes brownish-tinged, with more or less dark-fuscous irroration; a sub-basal series of three dark-fuscous dots, median dot posterior; a circular, median, fuscous discal spot, paler in centre; a postmedian series of dark fuscous dots, sometimes connected by a very fine whitish dentate line, from costa shortly before apex to